Syzygium smithii

Syzygium smithii
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Syzygium
Species:
S. smithii
Binomial name
Syzygium smithii
Synonyms

Eugenia smithii Poir.
Acmena smithii (Poir.) Merr. & L.M.Perry
Lomastelma smithii (Poir.) J.H.Willis

Syzygium smithii (formerly Acmena smithii) is a summer-flowering, winter-fruiting evergreen tree, native to Australia and belonging to the myrtle family Myrtaceae.[2] It shares the common name "lilly pilly" with several other plants.It is planted as shrubs or hedgerows, and features: rough, woody bark; cream and green smooth, waxy leaves; flushes of pink new growth; and white to maroon edible berries. Unpruned, it will grow about 3–5 m (9.8–16.4 ft) tall in the garden.

Taxonomy

Syzygium smithii's name dates from its 1789 description as Eugenia smithii by French botanist Jean Louis Marie Poiret,[3] its specific name honouring James Edward Smith,[4] who had described it two years earlier as E. elliptica. The name was unusable due to that combination having been used for another species.[5] It gained its current binomial name in 1893 when reclassified in the genus Syzygium by German botanist Franz Josef Niedenzu,[1] and since 2009 the Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (CHAH) Australian Plant Census has confirmed the recognition of this current name. The species has been widely known for many years as Acmena smithii, still used in NSW as of 2009, in Qld currently as of July 2013, and it still occurs today on many older web pages.

Common names include lilly pilly, Chinese Apple, coast satinash, Eungella gum, and in the timber trade, lilipilli satinash.[4]

Description

Syzygium smithii grows as a tree to 20 m (66 ft) high by 5–15 m (16–49 ft) wide, with a trunk attaining a diameter of 70 cm (2.3 ft). The largest tree was recorded at Dingo Creek Flora Reserve, south of Tenterfield, being 30 m (98 ft) tall and a trunk 60 cm (2.0 ft) wide.[6]

The trunk is sometimes buttressed. The bark is brown and scaled and flakes off easily. Its dark green shiny leaves are arranged oppositely on the stems, and are lanceolate or ovate and measure 2–10 by 1–3 cm (1–4 by 0.5–1 in). The cream-white flowers appear from October to March, occurring in panicles at the end of small branches. Berries follow on, appearing from May to August, and are oval or globular with a shallow depression at the top.[7] They measure 0.8 to 2 cm in diameter, and range from white to maroon in colour.

A distinctive narrow leaved form with thin leaves 3–6 cm long is found along rainforest riverbanks from Sydney northwards through Queensland,[4] (rheophytic race[8]) and a small leaved form (known as the small-leaved race or var. minor[8]) with leaves measuring 1.6–6 cm found in dryer rainforests from Colo Heights near Sydney north to the Bunya Mountains.[4]

Distribution and habitat

Syzygium smithii is found in rainforest from the Windsor Tablelands[9] in north-east Queensland south through New South Wales and Victoria to Wilsons Promontory.[4] Associated trees species include bangalow palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), ironwood (Backhousia myrtifolia), black wattle (Callicoma serratifolia), sassafras, (Doryphora sassafras), blueberry ash (Elaeocarpus reticulatus), pinkwood (Eucryphia moorei), sweet pittosporum (Pittosporum undulatum) and kanuka (Tristaniopsis laurina). Stunted coastal plants are often associated with coast banksia (Banksia integrifolia).[9]

Ecology

Flowers being pollinated by a bee and an ant
Berries
Flowers of Syzygium smithii (Poir, 1789), Mount Keira, Illawarra region, New South Wales, Australia. Photographed mid-November 2015

The Australian king parrot, crimson rosella, rose-crowned fruit-dove, superb fruit-dove, topknot pigeon, white-headed pigeon, wonga pigeon, satin bowerbird, and pied currawong have all been recorded eating the berries as have brushtail possums and flying foxes. Ringtail possums also eat fresh leaves.[4][10] In New Zealand, wood pigeons (kererū) eat the fruit and disperse the seeds.[11] The leaf-mining larvae of the moth species Pectinivalva acmenae feed on the leaves.[12] Other moth larvae that feed on the leaves include the species Agriophara horrida, Cryptophasa pultenae and Macarostola formosa.[13]

In New Zealand, where it is known as "monkey apple", the species has become naturalised in forest and scrub and has been classified as an "unwanted organism".[14] In the Waikato region, at least, it can outgrow native canopy tree species such as puriri (Vitex lucens) and taraire (Beilschmiedia tarairi), and become the permanent canopy.[15]

Cultivation

The species was introduced into cultivation as Eugenia elliptica at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew by Sir Joseph Banks in 1790.[16] Syzygium smithii is widely grown in cultivation as a specimen tree.[17] Noted American landscape architect Thomas Church used the species in gardens that he created in the San Francisco Bay Area in the 1950s. These were often clipped to shape.[18] The species has also been used as a subject for bonsai.[19]

Of the several species grown in cultivation, S. smithii is one of the more resistant to attacks by psyllids.[20][21] The species can tolerate both full sun and full shade. Established plants withstand dry periods and moderate frost.[22]

Syzygium smithii is listed as a fire retardant species by such authorities as Gosford Council NSW, NSW Fire Service and the Country Fire Authority.[23]

Cultivars

A number of forms have been selected for cultivation, including the following:

  • 'Allyn Magic', a compact form of var. minor with greyed-orange new foliage bred by Noel Jupp of East Gresford, New South Wales.[24]
  • 'Elizabeth Isaacs' (also known as 'Variegata'), a slightly smaller cultivar that has new growth flushes with a combination of pink, green, cream and cream-margined leaves.[25]
  • 'Firescreen', a select, fast growing, broad leaf form. Glossy, copper–red new foliage growth is encouraged by a regular prune and feed, maturing to mid green. Selected for hedging from 1.2 m high, Firescreen has a semi-pendulous, dense habit, a short leaf internode and holds its foliage all the way to the ground. Unpruned height over 6 metres. Can also be used as a pot specimen for topiary or as a standard. Firescreen tolerates full sun to shade, windy conditions, heat waves and cold to −2 °C and it is psyllid and borer resistant. Bred by Tracey and Stuart Knowland of Bangalow Wholesale Nursery NSW, with plant breeders' rights granted in 2010.
  • 'Hedgemaster' is a compact shrubby form reaching a metre (3 ft) tall and 0.5 m wide. It has a bushy dense habit and small leaves, and can be used in topiary or formal hedging. It was propagated and licensed under plant breeders' rights by television presenter Don Burke [Note: plant breeders rights since terminated].[26]
  • 'Red Head', a select, broad leaf, compact tree form. Glossy, burgundy-red new foliage is encouraged by a regular prune and feed, maturing to very dark green. Unpruned height 8 m+. Selected for compact, bushy form suitable for pleaching, topiary, standards or as a stand-alone tree in urban areas. 'Red Head' tolerates full sun to shade, windy conditions, heat waves and cold to −2 degrees. 'Red Head' is psyllid and borer resistant. Bred by Tracey and Stuart Knowland of Bangalow Wholesale Nursery NSW, with plant breeders' rights granted in 2010. For best results add organic matter to soil when planting and feed and water regularly until established.[27]

The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that Eugenia smithii was called "Tdgerail" by the Indigenous people of the Illawarra (New South Wales); and "Coochin-coochin" by others in Queensland. It also states that the fruits were eaten by the Indigenous Australians and are "acidulous, and wholesome."[28]

Uses and cultural references

J. H. Maiden in 1889 recorded that "The fruits are eaten by the aboriginals, small boys, and birds. They are formed in profusion, are acidulous, and wholesome. They are white with a purplish tint, and up to one inch in diameter."[29] The mildly acidic fruit have been described as somewhat lacking in taste.[4][17]

The white to pinkish brown timber is used for flooring, frames and fittings.[9]

The character "Lilly Pilly" (based on the fruit of the tree) who is an actress friend of Snugglepot and Cuddlepie, was illustrated by author May Gibbs.[30][31]

The fruit and leaves of Syzigium smithii were featured on a 49c Australian stamp, one of a bush tucker set, in 2002. The stamp was designed by Janet Boschen and titled "Lilly-pilly".[32]

References

  1. ^ a b "Syzygium smithii (Poir.) Nied". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
  2. ^ a b "Syzygium smithii". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  3. ^ "Eugenia smithii Poir". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Floyd, Alexander G., Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia, Inkata Press 2008, ISBN 978-0-9589436-7-3 pp. 265–66
  5. ^ "Eugenia elliptica Sm". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
  6. ^ Floyd, Alexander G., Australian Rainforests in NSW, volume 2, Surrey Beatty & Sons 1990, ISBN 0-949324-32-9 page 176
  7. ^ F.A. Zich; B.P.M Hyland; T. Whiffen; R.A. Kerrigan (2020). "Syzygium smithii". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  8. ^ a b Harden, Gwen Jean (2001). Flora of New South Wales. 2. UNSW Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-86840-609-1. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  9. ^ a b c Chippendale, G.M. (2006). Forest Trees of Australia. Csiro Publishing. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-643-06969-5. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  10. ^ Myerscough, Peter J. (1998), "Ecology of Myrtaceae with special reference to the Sydney region" (PDF), Cunninghamia, 5 (4): 797–807, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-11, retrieved 2010-05-11
  11. ^ "Pest management programmes". Waikato Regional Council. Archived from the original on 2013-02-10. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  12. ^ Hoare, Robert; van Nieukerken, Erik (2013). "Phylogeny and host-plant relationships of the Australian Myrtaceae leafmining moth genus Pectinivalva (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae), with new subgenera and species". ZooKeys (278): 1–64. doi:10.3897/zookeys.278.4743. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 3677346. PMID 23794827.
  13. ^ Common, I.F.B. (1990). Moths of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-10271-2. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  14. ^ "Monkey apple". Pests & Diseases. Ministry for Primary Industries. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  15. ^ Waikato Regional Pest Management Plan 2014-2024: Appendix 1, Cost benefit analysis (PDF). Waikato Regional Council. p. 199. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2019.
  16. ^ Sims, John (1817). Curtis's Botanical Magazine. p. 1872. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  17. ^ a b Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (1985). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 2. Port Melbourne: Lothian Press. pp. 139–40. ISBN 0-85091-143-5.
  18. ^ McClintock, Elizabeth May (2001). The Trees of Golden Gate Park and San Francisco. Heyday. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-890771-28-7. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  19. ^ "Australian Native Plants as Bonsai - 2008". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  20. ^ Burke, Don (2001). "Best Lilly Pilly Varieties". Burke's Backyard website. CTC Productions. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
  21. ^ Walters, Brian (December 2008). "Acmena smithii". Australian Native Plants Society website. Australian Native Plants Society. Archived from the original on 4 January 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
  22. ^ Tong Kwee (2012). Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 3, Fruits. Springer. p. 787. ISBN 978-94-007-2534-8. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  23. ^ "Plant Selection in Fire Prone Areas" (PDF). Central coast NSW, Australia: Gosford City Council. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-23. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  24. ^ "Acmena smithii var. minor 'Allyn Magic'" (PDF). Plant Varieties Journal. 16 (2): 19–20. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-12. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  25. ^ Rowell, Raymond J. (1980). Ornamental Flowering Trees in Australia. Australia: AH & AW Reed Pty Ltd. p. 40. ISBN 0-589-50178-X.
  26. ^ Stewart, Angus (2001). Gardening on the Wild Side. Sydney: ABC Books. p. 159. ISBN 0-7333-0791-4.
  27. ^ "Lilly Pilly (Acmena smithii): varieties" (PDF). Plant Varieties Journal. 22 (1). 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-12. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  28. ^ J. H. Maiden (1889). The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania. Turner and Henderson, Sydney.
  29. ^ Maiden, J. H. (1889). The Useful Native Plants of Australia (including Tasmania). Sydney: Turner and Henderson. p. 3.
  30. ^ Bernhardt, Peter (2008). Gods and Goddesses in the Garden: Greco-Roman Mythology and the Scientific Names of Plants. Rutgers University Press. pp. 141. ISBN 978-0-8135-4266-9. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  31. ^ Bernhardt, Peter; Holden, Robert (1992). Gumnut Town: Botanic Fact and Bushland Fantasy. Royal Botanic Gardens. ISBN 978-0-7305-9715-5. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  32. ^ "Plant: Acmena smithii". Stamps. Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2 August 2013.