Susan Catania (néeKmetty; December 10, 1941 – November 27, 2023) was an American politician who served as a Republican member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 1973 to 1983. She was involved in women's rights issues, and she led the unsuccessful effort to get the federal Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) ratified by the Illinois General Assembly. Catania also served as chairperson of the Illinois Commission on the Status of Women. A representative from Chicago, she was described as a liberal, feminist, and maverick member of the Republican legislative caucus.
Catania represented a heavily African American and Democratic district, but a Republican could still represent the district under the state's cumulative voting system. In the House, Catania introduced gay rights bills and the Freedom of Information Act, but both efforts were unsuccessful. During her tenure, she sponsored over 50 bills that became law, including the Crime Victim Compensation Act and a bill that designated Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a state holiday, both of which were enacted in 1973. Cumulative voting was abolished by the Cutback Amendment in 1981, and Catania lost any chance to retain her seat in the House going forward. During the 1982 elections, she ran for lieutenant governor, but lost the Republican primary, which was seen as a referendum on ratification of the ERA.
In 1963 Kmetty married Anthony E. Catania, whom she had met during an intercollegiate glee club event.[3] They had seven daughters, three of whom were born during Susan's tenure as a state representative.[5] They were married for 58 years before Anthony died in 2022.[6]
Catania's education, and the fact that both of her parents worked, motivated her to work full-time in an era when many men assumed women were to stay at home. In 1963, she joined Walter C. McCrone Associates, a microscopy consulting firm in the South Side, as information director, technical writer, and publicist. She hired a babysitter and lived near her workplace, allowing her to nurse her baby during her break. By the end of 1970, Catania quit that job after she did not receive a promotion she had expected. The following year, she filed a sex discrimination lawsuit after her employer allegedly hired a man with less experience but offered him twice the pay. Her claim to the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was the first by an Illinois woman for unemployment benefits based on sex discrimination, and included a claim for being denied dependent benefits for her children. Catania connected with the National Organization for Women, which was recruiting women to testify at the General Assembly for a bill expanding access to unemployment benefits for pregnant women. Catania would become one of the women to testify with the organization. By 1972, she worked freelance as a technical publications consultant.[2][7]
Campaign for the House
Amid her advocacy for legislation protecting pregnant women, in 1972 Catania decided to campaign for a seat in the Illinois House of Representatives, representing the 22nd district.[2] She was vying for the Republican seat in her district that was available under the state's cumulative voting system,[4] in which each district elected three members.[8] Her district was predominantly African American and Democratic.[9]
Three other candidates ran for the Republican nomination, including incumbent Genoa Washington. The Chicago Tribune reported that Catania was running "one of the most vigorous campaigns of the year", in contrast to the other candidates. Washington was confident of his reelection and led a relatively quiet campaign. Catania ran on a platform to mitigate pollution, promote consumer protection, improve public education, promote small business, regulate insurance practices in the inner city, and combat racial and sex discrimination.[10] Washington battled cancer and died a few weeks before the election, leaving his seat vacant.[5][11] Catania won the election, having secured endorsements from Independent Voters of Illinois and Gloria Steinem, an activist and journalist.[5]
Tenure
Catania has been described as a liberal,[7] feminist, and maverick.[12] She often defied her party's leadership, supporting gun control and abortion, but faced few repercussions as there is no Republican organization in the South Side of Chicago.[13] Throughout her tenure, she sponsored over 50 bills that became law, addressing topics that included domestic violence, child support, joint custody, school bus safety, grandparents' visitation rights, state income tax reform, a rape shield law, and public aid.[3][14]
Women's rights
Catania joined a small group of women legislators who focused on women's rights issues in the 1970s.[4]Judy Koehler, a colleague in the House, regarded Catania as "very much a leader on women’s issues, on such things as domestic violence, sexual abuse and employment discrimination".[2] In 1974, she shocked male legislators by bringing her infant daughter to the House floor and nursing her baby in the women's restroom.[15] The infant remained in a car bed under an empty desk near Catania's, and recent renovations had added a new women's lounge by the entrance into the House chamber, the lounge equipped with a loudspeaker to keep its occupants informed of House proceedings. In 1975, Catania was appointed chairperson of the Illinois Commission on the Status of Women, a 16-member panel including both Democratic and Republican appointees.[2]
Catania credited disposable diapers with helping her care for her babies while traveling for legislative business.[16] Catania supported the federal Displaced Homemakers Act, which addressed women seeking to enter or re-enter the workforce. She testified at hearings of a US House subcommittee in 1976, and a US Senate subcommittee in 1977.[17][18] Catania was chief sponsor[19] of the unsuccessful effort to get the federal Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) ratified by the General Assembly,[note 1][4] breaking with Speaker George Ryan, who opposed the ERA. Ryan later declined to reappoint her to the Commission on the Status of Women.[21] Her term as the commission's chairperson had lasted for eight years.[9]
In 1979, Catania proposed an amendment to the Illinois Human Rights Act, which had passed the Senate with the sponsorship of Harold Washington. Catania's amendment, which would have allowed women guarantees in the use of credit cards, passed the House but was not accepted by the Senate. As Catania refused to back down, the bill deadlocked, and the General Assembly adjourned at the end of June. After additional negotiations, the act was re-introduced in November without Catania's amendment, and the bill became law in December.[22] That same year, she won an award named after Susan B. Anthony for her legislative leadership on women's issues.[23]
Other issues
In January 1973, Catania introduced a bill that designated Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a state holiday. She was joined as sponsors by Harold Washington (a state representative at the time) and Peggy Smith Martin, and the bill was signed in September of the same year by Governor Dan Walker.[24] Catania introduced gay rights bills as early as 1976, partnering with legislators Robert E. Mann and Leland H. Rayson.[25] Activist Rick Garcia credited her for "open[ing] the door for other moderate Republicans to start to begin supporting basic civil rights for LGBTQ+ people".[5] Catania and Elroy Sundquist, a fellow Republican in the House, also sponsored bills to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation. However, in 1977 the legislation was overwhelmingly defeated, with a vote of 38–114.[26] In 1974, Catania was the first to sponsor the Freedom of Information Act. Chicago-based Democrats in the General Assembly often opposed freedom of information initiatives in the mid-1970s, referring the matters back to legislative committees to avoid consideration.[27] She also sponsored the Crime Victim Compensation Act, which passed in 1973.[28] Catania secured emergency state funding for Cook County Hospital and Provident Hospital, the latter effort which was co-sponsored with Harold Washington.[3] She also sponsored gun control legislation, but those efforts failed.[2]
Advertisement for Catania's lieutenant governor campaign in 1982
Cumulative voting was abolished by the Cutback Amendment in 1981, and Catania lost any chance to retain her seat in the House going forward.[4] She ran for the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor in 1982. It was also a form of retaliation against George Ryan, who had opposed her reappointment to the Commission on the Status of Women and was also running for lieutenant governor.[21] As the only candidate to openly support the ERA, Catania collected donations from feminists nationwide who were hoping to get Illinois to ratify the amendment.[12] At the time, Illinois was the only northern industrial state that had not ratified, and national ERA leaders viewed the election as a potential referendum on the amendment. The National Organization for Women supported Catania, while Phyllis Schlafly, an ERA opponent, recognized the importance of the race and opposed her.[21] Governor James R. Thompson backed Ryan in the race, and mainstream Republicans in Illinois regarded Catania "as radical as Leon Trotsky".[31] Catania lost the primary, coming in second place to Ryan.[8] Afterwards, she continued lobbying on women's rights issues.[4]
Starting in December 1982, Catania was a member of the women's committee of the Chicago 1992 World's Fair. She also served on the advisory committee, formed in July 1983, of Harold Washington, who by then had been elected mayor of Chicago.[32] In spring 1983, Catania was a fellow at the Harvard Institute of Politics for six months, studying women in politics.[9][33] Her activities included giving lectures, leading seminars, and rowing along the Charles River as part of a rowing crew team.[2] On June 7, 1984, she testified before the US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations during a hearing regarding the role of women in the economic development of the Third World.[34] During the 1984 Republican National Convention, Catania gained national attention as the only delegate who refused to support the Reagan–Bush slate.[4][7]In 1986, she ran in the at-large election to be a member of the Cook County Board of Commissioners representing Chicago, succeeding in the primary to be one of ten Republican nominees, but losing the general election.[35][36] During Chicago's mayoral election in 1987, she was mentioned as a potential candidate for the Republican primary,[37] though she ultimately opted not to run.[2]
^The General Assembly eventually ratified the ERA in 2018, more than three decades after the federal deadline.[20]
^One source suggests that Catania was living in Buffalo Grove as late as 2018,[8] but another source indicates that she moved into Eagle River as early as 2016.[2]
^ abIllinois Criminal Justice Information Authority (May 1998). S.T.O.P. Violence Against Women in Illinois(PDF) (Report). p. 3. Archived(PDF) from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
^Displaced Homemakers Act, 1977. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Employment, Poverty, and Migratory Labor of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-Fifth Congress, First Session on S. 418 to Provide for the Establishment of Multipurpose Service Centers for Displaced Homemakers, and for Other Purposes. Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on Human Resources. September 1977. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021 – via Education Resources Information Center.
^Woodbury, Marsha Cook (1995). A Decade of Decisions: An Evaluation of the Implementation of the Illinois Freedom of Information Act by Public Universities (PhD thesis). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. p. 38.
^Merriner, James L. (2008). The Man Who Emptied Death Row : Governor George Ryan and the Politics of Crime. The Elmer H. Johnson and Carol Holmes Johnson Series in Criminology. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 40. ISBN978-0809328659.
