Surficial aquifer

Surficial aquifers are shallow aquifers typically less than 50 feet (15 m) thick, but larger surficial aquifers of about 60 feet (18 m) have been mapped. They mostly consist of unconsolidated sand enclosed by layers of limestone, sandstone or clay and the water is commonly extracted for urban use. The aquifers are replenished by streams and from precipitation and can vary in volume considerably as the water table fluctuates. Being shallow, they are susceptible to contamination by fuel spills, industrial discharge, landfills, and saltwater. Parts of southeastern United States are dependent on surficial aquifers for their water supplies.

Composition

Surficial aquifers system consists mostly of beds of unconsolidated sand, cavity-riddled limestone and shells, sandstone, sand, and clay sand with minor clay or silt from the Pliocene to Holocene periods.

In most cases the flow system is undivided, though in places, clay beds are sufficiently thick and continuous to divide the system into two or three aquifers. Complex interbedding of fine and coarse-textured rocks is typical of the system. These rocks range from late Miocene to Holocene periods.

In Georgia and South Carolina, unnamed, sandy, marine terrace deposits of Pleistocene age and sand of Holocene age comprise the system. These sandy beds commonly contain clay and silt.

In Florida, these aquifers are shallow beds of sea shells and sand that lie less than 100 feet (30 m) underground. They are separated from the Floridan Aquifer by a confining bed of soil. Some have been contaminated by saltwater, yet they provide most of the public freshwater supply southwest of Lake Okeechobee and along the Atlantic coast north of Palm Beach.

In surficial aquifers, the groundwater continuously moves along the hydraulic gradient from areas of recharge to streams and other places of discharge. Surficial aquifers are recharged locally as the water table fluctuates in response to drought or rainfall. Therefore, the temperature and flow from water-table springs varies.

Important surficial aquifers

The Biscayne Aquifer is a surficial aquifer located in southeast Florida. It covers over 3,000 square miles (7,800 km²), and is the most intensely used water source in Florida, supplying water to Dade County, Broward County, Palm Beach County and Monroe County. The aquifer lies close to the surface and is extremely vulnerable to pollutants that leach through the shallow limestone bedrock. In some areas, it has been contaminated by fuel spills, industrial discharge, landfills, and saltwater.

The Sand and Gravel Aquifer stretches 2,400 square miles (6,200 km²) across the panhandle of Florida and is replenished with rainfall. Over the years water levels have dropped due to water-well use by pumping, and it has been contaminated by industrial waste and saltwater intrusion.

The Chokoloskee Aquifer is surficial aquifer that covers 3,000 square miles (7,800 km²) in southwest Florida. It is recharged by rainfall. It is believed that artificial drainage canals have lowered water levels and increased saltwater intrusion.

Sources

University of Florida

Read other articles:

Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group

Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Inc.Kantor pusat MUFG di TokyoNama asli株式会社三菱UFJフィナンシャル・グループNama latinKabushiki gaisha Mitsubishi Yūefujei Finansharu GurūpuJenisPublikKode emiten TYO: 8306 NAG: 8306 NYSE: MUFG (ADS) Komponen Nikkei 225 (TYO) Komponen TOPIX Core30 (TYO) IndustriJasa keuanganDidirikan2001Kantorpusat Tokyo, JepangTokohkunciNobuyuki Hirano (Presiden)Pendapatan ¥4,495 triliun (2013)[1]Laba bersih ¥1,069 triliun (2013)[1]Total...

Élections législatives de 2017 dans le Finistère

2012 2022 Élections législatives de 2017 dans le Finistère 11 et 18 juin 2017 Type d’élection Élections législatives Postes à élire 8 sièges de députés à l'Assemblée nationale Campagne 22 mai au 10 juin12 juin au 16 juin Corps électoral et résultats Inscrits 689 419 Votants au 1er tour 384 710 55,80 % 5,5 Votes exprimés au 1er tour 377 215 Votes blancs au 1er tour 5 513 Votes nuls au 1er tour 1 982 Votants au 2d tour 322...

Korean Air

Korean Air대한항공 大韓航空Daehan Hanggong IATA ICAO Kode panggil KE KAL KOREAN AIR DidirikanJuni 1962 (sebagai Korean Air Lines)PenghubungBandar Udara Internasional IncheonBandar Udara Internasional GimpoKota fokusBandar Udara Internasional GimhaeBandar Udara Internasional JejuProgram penumpang setiaSKYPASSLounge bandaraKorean Air LoungeAliansiSkyTeamAnak perusahaan Air Korea Air Total Service CyberSky Global Logistics System Korea HIST Jin Air Korea Airport Service Armada159[1&#...

Dikandung Tanpa Noda

Bunda Maria Dikandung Tanpa Noda DosaMaria Dikandung Tanpa Noda (1767–1769)oleh Giovanni Battista TiepoloDihormati diGereja KatolikGereja Tewahedo Ortodoks EtiopiaGereja Tewahedo Ortodoks EritreaTempat ziarahBasilika Tempat Ziarah Bunda Maria Dikandung Tanpa NodaPesta8 Desember (Ritus Romawi)9 Desember (Ritus Bizantin)13 Agustus (Ritus Aleksandria)Atribut Bulan sabit setengah dari kedua belas bintang jubah biru putti (malaikat kanak-kanak) ular yang terinjak Pengangkatan ke Surga Bagian dar...

Ministri degli esteri del Regno delle Due Sicilie

Successione cronologica dei ministri degli esteri del Regno delle Due Sicilie dalla sua costituzione nel dicembre 1816: Elenco Luigi de' Medici di Ottajano (governo de' Medici II, 1822-1830); Antonio Statella di Cassaro (governo Tommasi II, 1830-1831); Antonio Statella di Cassaro (governo Avarna, 1831-1836); Antonio Statella di Cassaro (governo Ruffo, 1836-1840); Fulco Ruffo di Calabria (governo Ceva Grimaldi, 1840-1848); Nicola Maresca Donnorso di Serracapriola (governo Maresca Donnorso, 184...

It Chapter Two

It: Chapter TwoSutradaraAndy MuschiettiProduser Roy Lee Dan Lin Seth Grahame-Smith David Katzenberg Barbara Muschietti Ditulis oleh Gary Dauberman Jeffrey Jurgensen BerdasarkanItoleh Stephen KingPemeran James McAvoy Jessica Chastain Jay Ryan Bill Hader Isaiah Mustafa James Ransone Andy Bean Jess Weixler Teach Grant Bill Skarsgård SinematograferChecco VaresePenyuntingJason BallantinePerusahaanproduksi New Line Cinema Vertigo Entertainment Lin Pictures KatzSmith Productions DistributorWarner B...

1948 North Carolina lieutenant gubernatorial election

1948 North Carolina lieutenant gubernatorial election ← 1944 November 2, 1948 1952 → Nominee Hoyt Patrick Taylor R. Kyle Hayes Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 544,560 206,511 Percentage 72.18% 27.37% Lieutenant Governor before election Lynton Y. Ballentine Democratic Elected Lieutenant Governor Hoyt Patrick Taylor Democratic Elections in North Carolina Federal government U.S. President 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840...

Montigny-sur-Vesle

Montigny-sur-Veslecomune Montigny-sur-Vesle – VedutaMunicipio. LocalizzazioneStato Francia RegioneGrand Est Dipartimento Marna ArrondissementReims CantoneFismes-Montagne de Reims TerritorioCoordinate49°19′N 3°48′E / 49.316667°N 3.8°E49.316667; 3.8 (Montigny-sur-Vesle)Coordinate: 49°19′N 3°48′E / 49.316667°N 3.8°E49.316667; 3.8 (Montigny-sur-Vesle) Superficie9,42 km² Abitanti477[1] (2009) Densità50,64 ab./km² Altre...

Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus anthracis Foto mikrograf Bacillus anthracis dari kultur agar dengan pengecatan Fuchsin-biru metilen.PenyakitAntraks Pewarnaan GramGram-positif TaksonomiSuperdomainBiotaDomainBacteriaKerajaanBacillatiFilumBacillotaKelasBacilliOrdoCaryophanalesFamiliBacillaceaeGenusBacillusSpesiesBacillus anthracis lbs Bacillus anthracis merupakan spesies bakteri penyebab antraks—sebuah penyakit yang umum ditemukan pada hewan ternak dan terkadang pada manusia—dan satu-satunya patogen obligat pada g...

WOCN-FM

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: WOCN-FM – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Radio station in Massachusetts, United StatesWOCN-FMOrleans, MassachusettsUnited StatesBroadcast areaCape CodFrequency104.7 MHzBrandingOcean 104.7P...

Norbert Glanzberg

Norbert GlanzbergBiographieNaissance 12 octobre 1910RohatynDécès 25 février 2001 (à 90 ans)Neuilly-sur-SeineSépulture Cimetière nouveau de Neuilly-sur-SeineNationalités austro-hongroisefrançaiseActivités Compositeur, chef de chœur, compositeur de musique de film, pianiste, chef d'orchestrePériode d'activité 1930-1998Autres informationsInstrument PianoGenre artistique Musique populaireDistinction Prix de la culture de la ville de Wurtzbourg (2000)Plaque commémorativemodifier ...

大字 (数字)

この項目には、一部のコンピュータや閲覧ソフトで表示できない文字が含まれています（詳細）。数字の大字（だいじ）は、漢数字の一種。通常用いる単純な字形の漢数字（小字）の代わりに同じ音の別の漢字を用いるものである。概要壱万円日本銀行券（「壱」が大字）弐千円日本銀行券（「弐」が大字）漢数字には「一」「二」「三」と続く小字と、「壱」「�...

SMA Negeri 1 Salatiga

SMA Negeri 1 SalatigaThe State Senior High School 1 SalatigaInformasiDidirikan28 Oktober 1956JenisNegeriAkreditasiAKepala SekolahSubroto, S.Pd. M.PdKetua KomiteDR Sugiman, M.SiJurusan atau peminatanIPA, IPS dan BahasaRentang kelasX MIPA X IPS X BHS XI MIPA XI IPS XI BHS XII MIPA XII IPS XII BHSKurikulumKurikulum 2013Jumlah siswa1.244 SiswaStatusAktifAlamatLokasiJalan Kemiri No. 1, Kota Salatiga, Jawa Tengah, IndonesiaKoordinat7°19′02″S 110°29′50″E / 7....

Amiruddin Ahmad

Bengali politician and Governor of East Pakistan Amiruddin AhmadGovernor of East Bengal (and later East Pakistan)In office14 June 1955 – 9 March 1956Preceded byMuhammad ShahabuddinSucceeded byA. K. Fazlul Huq Personal detailsBorn(1895-12-22)22 December 1895 Amiruddin Ahmad (born 22 December 1895) was a Bengali politician and jurist[1] who served as the governor of East Pakistan. Early life Ahmad was born on 22 December 1895 in West Bengal. He joined as the Deputy Legal Reme...

ميلان جروفيتش

ميلان جروفيتش معلومات شخصية الميلاد 17 يونيو 1976 (العمر 47 سنة)نوفي ساد، جمهورية صربيا الاشتراكية الطول 6 قدم 9 بوصة (2.1 م) مركز اللعب لاعب هجوم صغير الجسم الجنسية صربيا الوزن 95 كيلوغرام الحياة العملية بداية الاحتراف 1993 - 2009 المهنة لاعب كرة سلة[1]، ومدرب �...

Denmark–Spain relations

Bilateral relationsDanish-Spanish relations Denmark Spain Denmark–Spain relations are foreign relations between Denmark and Spain. Relations between Spain and Denmark are determined largely by the membership of both countries to the EU and NATO. Denmark has an embassy in Madrid.[1] Spain has an embassy in Copenhagen.[2] Trade Spain is Denmark's 9th largest export country. In 2009, the export to Spain was more than 13 billion DKK. Danish export to Spain includes medicine, ind...

Cittadella di Spandau

Cittadella di SpandauVeduta aereaUbicazioneStato attuale Germania CittàBerlino Coordinate52°32′29″N 13°12′44″E52°32′29″N, 13°12′44″E Informazioni generaliTipoFortezza Sito webwww.zitadelle-berlin.de/en/ voci di architetture militari presenti su Wikipedia Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale La Cittadella di Spandau (Zitadelle Spandau) è l'unica fortezza sopravvissuta a Berlino nonché una delle più vecchie strutture presenti nella città. Indice 1 Posizione 2 ...

الحمام التركي (لوحة)

الحمام التركي معلومات فنية الفنان وسيط property غير متوفر. تاريخ إنشاء العمل 1862[1] نوع العمل فن عُري، وفن الحياة اليومية الموضوع وسيط property غير متوفر. التيار استشراق، ورومانسية[2]، والحركة الكلاسيكية الحديثة[2] المالك الدولة الفرنسية [لغ...

World's fair

Large international exhibition Poster advertising the Brussels International Exposition in 1897 Replica of the Gokstad Viking ship at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts in Paris, France in 1925. Autochrome Lumière showing Polish pavilion. Palace of the railways and great connections at the International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism in Grenoble, France in 1925 A world's fair, also known as a universal exhibition or an expo, ...

Maxine Waters

American politician (born 1938) Maxine WatersWaters in 2012Ranking Member of the House Financial Services CommitteeIncumbentAssumed office January 3, 2023Preceded byPatrick McHenryIn officeJanuary 3, 2013 – January 3, 2019Preceded byBarney FrankSucceeded byPatrick McHenryChair of the House Financial Services CommitteeIn officeJanuary 3, 2019 – January 3, 2023Preceded byJeb HensarlingSucceeded byPatrick McHenryChair of the Congressional Black CaucusIn officeJanuary 3,...