SunEdison

SunEdison Infrastructure Limited
Company typePrivate
IndustryRenewable energy
Founded1959
Headquarters
Maryland Heights, Missouri
,
United States
Key people
John S. Dubel,
chief executive officer and chief restructuring officer
Richard Katz, chairman and chief executive officer of reorganized SunEdison
ProductsPolysilicon, Solar Wafers, Photovoltaic Plants, Solar Modules, Solar Energy
RevenueUS$2.484 billion (2014)[1]
(US$536 million) (2014)[1]
Number of employees
7,300 (2014)[1]
Websitewww.sunedison.com

SunEdison, Inc. (formerly MEMC Electronic Materials) is a renewable energy company headquartered in the U.S. In addition to developing, building, owning, and operating solar power plants and wind energy plants, it also manufactures high-purity polysilicon, monocrystalline silicon ingots, silicon wafers, solar modules, solar energy systems, and solar module racking systems. Originally a silicon-wafer manufacturer established in 1959 as the Monsanto Electronic Materials Company, the company was sold by Monsanto in 1989.

It is one of the leading solar-power companies worldwide, and with its acquisition of wind-energy company First Wind in 2014, SunEdison became the leading renewable energy development company in the world.[2] In 2015, SunEdison sold off its subsidiary SunEdison Semiconductor, marking the completion of SunEdison's transition from a semiconductor-wafer company to a dedicated renewable-energy corporation.

Following years of major expansion and the announcement of the intent—which eventually fell through—to acquire the residential-rooftop solar company Vivint Solar in 2015, SunEdison's stock plummeted, and its more than $11 billion in debt caused it to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on April 21, 2016,[3][4][5] eventually emerging in December 2017 as a restructured, smaller, private company.[6]

History

Foundation

The establishment of Monsanto Electronic Materials Company (MEMC), a silicon wafer–manufacturing division to serve the emerging electronics industry, was announced on August 6, 1959, as an arm of the U.S.-based multinational corporation Monsanto.[7] In February 1960 MEMC started production of 19mm silicon ingots at its location in St. Peters, Missouri, 30 miles west of Monsanto's headquarters in St. Louis.[8] As one of the first companies to produce semiconductor wafers, MEMC was a pioneer in the field, and some of its innovations became industry standards into the 21st century.[9] MEMC used the Czochralski process (CZ process) of silicon crystal production,[10] and developed the Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) process of wafer finishing.[9][11][12] In 1966 MEMC installed its first reactors for the production of epitaxial wafers,[13][14] and developed zero-dislocation crystal growing, which made large-diameter silicon crystals possible.[9][15]

Expansion

In the early 1970s, MEMC opened a production plant in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and sent its St. Peters–produced 2.25-inch ingots there for slicing and polishing.[9][16] In 1979, MEMC became the first company to manufacture 125mm (5-inch) wafers; in 1981 the first to produce 150mm (6-inch) wafers; and, in partnership with IBM, in 1984 the first to produce 200mm (8-inch) wafers.[14][17][18][19] In 1986 MEMC opened its production and R&D facility in Utsunomiya, Japan to serve the Japanese semiconductor market, becoming the first non-Japanese wafer maker with manufacturing and research facilities in Japan.[20][21]

Change of ownership

MEMC experienced heavy price-pressure from Japanese competition during the mid 1980s.[9] Despite its success and increasing revenues, MEMC had to account for losses for a few years, leading to the decision of Monsanto, which was refocusing on chemicals, agriculture, and biotechnology products, to sell the electronic materials division.[9][22][23] In 1989 the German company Hüls AG, the chemicals arm of the German conglomerate VEBA, acquired Monsanto Electronic Materials and combined it with Hüls' previous acquisition Dynamite Nobel Silicon (DNS) to form MEMC Electronic Materials.[9][24][25][26] DNS already operated silicon wafer plants in Merano and Novara, Italy and integrated them within the new MEMC Electronic Materials.[27] Hüls supported the new subsidiary with $50 million, for research and development and for manufacturing expansion.[9][28] In 1991 MEMC developed the first process using granular polysilicon, which provided cost and productivity advantages over "chunk" polysilicon.[9][29] Four years later MEMC acquired Albemarle Corporation's granular polysilicon production facility in Pasadena, Texas, which had been producing granular polysilicon since 1987.[9][30]

MEMC's stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange with an initial public offering in 1995.[9][14] The IPO raised over $400 million, which went to finance an aggressive growth plan and repay some of the debt to its parent company, and Hüls/VEBA retained a majority interest in the company.[9][26][31]

The cyclical downturn in the semiconductor business in the late 1990s hit MEMC hard.[9][26][32] In 1998 the company reported a loss of $316 million on revenues of $759 million.[9] In June 2000 VEBA AG, still holding 72% of MEMC, was merged with VIAG to form the new E.ON AG.[9][33] E.ON wanted to focus on its core business of electric utilities, and assigned Merrill Lynch to sell MEMC.[9][33][34] Merrill was unable to find a buyer until MEMC announced that it was on the verge of illiquidity in the middle of 2001.[35] Finally in October 2001 E.ON was able to agree on a deal with the private equity company Texas Pacific Group (TPG), which purchased E.ON's stake in MEMC for a symbolic dollar and offered MEMC $150 million in credit lines.[34][35][36][37] TPG restructured MEMC's debt, increased its stake in the company to 90%, and cut one third of its workforce.[9][38][39]

MEMC returned to profitability following the appointment of Nabeel Gareeb, who was CEO of MEMC from April 2002 to November 2008.[9][38][40][41] MEMC's market share rose again and by 2003 it reported positive earning figures.[38][42] MEMC's sales topped $1 billion in 2004, and it was number three in market share.[9][43] Through a secondary offering, TPG reduced its share of MEMC in 2005 to 34%, and by the end of 2007, to zero.[38][43] On October 30, 2008, Gareeb stepped down as president and CEO of the company.[44]

Solar market entry

SunEdison Solar Testing Facility

In 2006 MEMC announced its large-scale entry into the burgeoning solar wafer market, via longterm agreements to supply China-based Suntech Power and Taiwan-based Gintech Energy with solar-grade silicon wafers.[45][46][47] Similar contracts followed with Germany-based Conergy in 2007,[38] and Taiwan-based Tainergy Tech in 2008.[48] The company cultivated short-term solar wafer customers as well.[38][49] By 2007, MEMC held approximately 14% of the solar wafer market.[18] Having returned MEMC to a foundation of profitability and having helped it enter the solar market, CEO Nabeel Gareeb resigned in November 2008.[40][50] Ahmad Chatila was appointed president and CEO in February 2009.[51]

In July 2009 MEMC and Q-Cells, which specialized in construction and operation of photovoltaic plants, formed a joint venture to build Strasskirchen Solar Park, a 50 MW photovoltaic plant in Bavaria, Germany, with MEMC supplying the solar wafers and Q-Cells converting them into solar cells.[52][53] Both partners invested $100 million each, in return for a 50%-each ownership of the project.[52] As planned, the plant was sold to an investment firm, Nordcapital, after operations started at the beginning of 2010.[54]

Acquisition of SunEdison

In November 2009 MEMC acquired the privately owned company SunEdison LLC, North America's largest solar energy services provider.[55] Founded by Jigar Shah[56] and Claire Broido Johnson[57] SunEdison had been developing, financing, building, operating, and monitoring large-scale photovoltaic plants for commercial customers, including many national retail outlets, government agencies, and utilities, since 2003.[58][59][60] The company had pioneered solar-as-a-service, and the solar power purchase agreement (PPA) for no-money-down customer financing.[56][61]: 42–44 [62] With the acquisition of SunEdison, MEMC became a developer of solar power projects and North America's largest solar energy services provider.[63] CEO Ahmad Chatila announced that "MEMC will now participate in the actual development of solar power plants and commercialization of clean energy, in addition to supplying the solar and semiconductor industries with our traditional silicon wafer products."[64] SunEdison was purchased for $200 million, 70% in cash and 30% in MEMC stock, plus retention payments, transaction expenses, and the assumption of net debt.[55][63][65]

Following its acquisition of SunEdison, MEMC also began to focus on developing and acquiring advanced technologies used in the production of low-cost, high-performance solar panels. It acquired the California-based solar tech company Solaicx in mid 2010.[66] The acquisition included Solaicx's high-volume proprietary "continuous crystal growth" manufacturing technology, which produces low-cost monocrystalline silicon ingots for high-efficiency solar cells.[67][68][69][70]

In February 2011 Samsung Fine Chemicals and MEMC announced a 50/50 joint venture to build a polysilicon production plant in Ulsan, South Korea.[71] The plant was to have an initial capacity of 10,000 metric tons per annum.[71] As of late 2014 the joint venture, called SMP, is 85% owned by SunEdison (50% by SunEdison, Inc. and 35% by SunEdison Semiconductor)[72] and 15% by Samsung, and the plant has a capacity of 13,500 metric tons per annum.[73][74][75] By October 2014, the plant began producing the world's first high-pressure fluidized bed reactor (HP-FBR) polysilicon, enabling sizeable reductions in the cost of solar energy.[76][77][78]

In 2011 MEMC also extended its solar-energy business. In June 2011, it acquired another North American solar-power project developer, Axio Power.[79][80][81] Axio Power, founded in 2007, developed, financed, and constructed large-scale solar projects, and had more than 500 MW of utility-scale photovoltaic power projects in Canada and the western U.S.[79][80] In July 2011, MEMC established a joint venture with Korea-based Jusung Engineering, to combine its proprietary Solaicx CCZ monocrystalline wafers with Jusung's high-efficiency cell manufacturing equipment to provide low-cost, high-efficiency solar cells.[82] In September 2011, MEMC acquired Fotowatio Renewable Ventures Inc., the U.S. unit of Fotowatio Renewable Ventures, a developer, operator and owner of solar power plants.[83][84] The FRV purchase added up to 1.4 GW of solar projects in the U.S. to MEMC's portfolio.[85]

In December 2011 MEMC undertook restructuring measures in reaction to a cyclical downturn in its semiconductor business and a slump in the whole supply chain of photovoltaic modules. The company announced a headcount reduction of 1,300 employees (18% of the workforce), plus capacity reduction and productivity increase for polysilicon and wafers.[86][87]

In 2012 MEMC developed its Silvantis line of multi-crystalline 290-watt solar modules. With 1,000-volt UL certification, the modules created considerable overall energy-production and systems savings on solar projects due to the ability to be more efficiently wired.[88]

Name changes and Acquisitions 2013–15

On May 30, 2013, MEMC Electronic Materials changed its name to SunEdison, Inc., and also changed its stock-market ticker from "WFR" to "SUNE", reflecting the company's focus on solar energy.[89][90] In May 2014, SunEdison formally separated its electronics-wafer business from its solar-wafer and solar-energy business. SunEdison Semiconductor, Ltd. spun off in an IPO on the NASDAQ under the ticker "SEMI", with SunEdison, Inc. maintaining a majority stake as the largest shareholder.[91] The IPO generated $94 million, used to fund the company's growth.[92]

In July 2014, SunEdison created a yieldco subsidiary, called TerraForm Power, Inc., with SunEdison, Inc. maintaining a majority stake as the largest shareholder.[93][94] TerraForm began publicly trading in an IPO under the ticker "TERP".[95][96][97] This IPO of the power-generation subsidiary spin-off raised roughly $500 million.[92] SunEdison launched a second yieldco subsidiary, TerraForm Global, in 2015, to manage renewable-energy projects in emerging markets like Brazil, China, and India.[98][99] This second yieldco trades on the NASDAQ under the ticker "GLBL".[99]

In October 2014 SunEdison announced the development of "zero white space" solar modules, which eliminate wasted space on the solar module surface.[100] That month it also announced the implementation of "high-pressure fluidized bed reactor" (HP-FBR) technology, producing high-purity polysilicon up to 10 times more efficiently and with 90% less energy used than non-FBR technologies.[101]

In November 2014, with its subsidiary TerraForm Power, SunEdison purchased First Wind, one of the largest wind power developers in the United States, for $2.4 billion.[2][102][103] The acquisition added wind energy to SunEdison's capacity, and made it the leading renewable energy development company in the world.[2][104]

In 2015, MIT Technology Review named SunEdison #6, and the top energy company, in its annual "50 Smartest Companies" list. The review characterized SunEdison as "Aggressively expanding its renewable energy products and building a business to provide electricity to the developing world."[105]

In June 2015, SunEdison, Inc. announced its full divestiture from its semiconductor business, the publicly traded company SunEdison Semiconductor.[106] SunEdison Semiconductors was acquired by GlobalWafers Co., Ltd on December 2, 2016 and subsequently had its name changed back to MEMC LLC.[107] The completion of the sell-off finalized SunEdison's transition into a dedicated renewable-energy company.[108][109]

Bankruptcy

Following years of major expansion and the announcement of the intent – which eventually fell through – to acquire the residential-rooftop solar company Vivint Solar in 2015, SunEdison's stock plummeted and its more than $11 billion in debt caused it to face bankruptcy in April 2016.[110][111][112][113][114] It filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on April 21, 2016.[115][116] To continue its operations and pay staff, the company received $300 million in bankruptcy debt financing.[117] It continued operations during bankruptcy.[118][119] The debt financing money came from first-lien and second-lien lenders. The bankruptcy court approved the money.[120]

When it filed for bankruptcy, the company asked the court for an independent examiner to audit the company's recent financial transactions. SunEdison requested that the examiner's work start immediately and finish within 60 days, and that the maximum budget be $1 million. Reuters noted that, comparatively, the 2015 independent examination in the bankruptcy of Caesars Entertainment Corp. took one year and cost $40 million.[120]

During the summer of 2015, SunEdison was worth almost $10 billion,[121] and in July 2015 shares traded upward of $33.44.[120] On the day of the bankruptcy filing, the company's trading price on the New York Stock Exchange was 34 cents per share.[120]

According to the Wall Street Journal: "SunEdison used a combination of financial engineering and cheap debt to buy up renewable-power projects around the world before the market turned sour last summer and investors soured on its business model."[121] During the three years preceding the bankruptcy filing, SunEdison invested $18 billion in acquisitions. During that time, the company also raised $24 billion in debt and equity.[121]

In March 2016, the U.S. Department of Justice began an investigation into the company regarding its financial practices. Internally, SunEdison's board completed its own investigation, concluding that the company's leaders were "overly optimistic" but did not make "material misstatements" or commit any fraud.[122][117]

In July 2017, the U.S. Bankruptcy Court[123] approved SunEdison's bankruptcy-exit plan and it eventually emerged from bankruptcy December 29, 2017.[124][125]

Brookfield Asset Management acquired a 51% ownership share of Terraform Power in October 2017 along with full acquisition of Terraform Global in December 2017.[125] Brookfield fully acquired Terraform Power in July 2020.[126]

SunEdison companies

  • SunEdison, Inc.
  • SunEdison's solar materials group produces granular polysilicon, silicon-crystal ingots, silicon wafers, and specifies the production of solar cells and solar modules. It produces granular polysilicon in purities usable in the solar and semiconductor industries. The granular polysilicon is produced in Pasadena, Texas, and, through a joint venture with Samsung and SunEdison Semiconductor, in Ulsan, Korea.
  • SunEdison's solar power group plans, designs, develops, finances, underwrites, builds, installs, operates, monitors, and maintains large-scale solar energy and wind energy systems and plants for commercial customers, including numerous national retail outlets, shopping centers, businesses and corporations; government agencies and other public-sector customers; and utilities and other power companies. Through an extensive dealer network, it also provides complete solar systems and services for residential homeowners.

References

  1. ^ a b c Annual Reports. SunEdison.com.
  2. ^ a b c Pentland, William. "Major Wind Acquisition Makes SunEdison World's Largest Renewable Energy Developer". Forbes. November 17, 2014.
  3. ^ "SunEdison Chapter 11 Petition" (PDF). PacerMonitor. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
  4. ^ "Solar developer SunEdison in bankruptcy as aggressive growth plan unravels". Reuters. April 22, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  5. ^ "SunEdison, Inc. stock forecasting".
  6. ^ "Overview | SunEdison". www.sunedison.com.
  7. ^ Swinger, p. 16.
  8. ^ Swinger, pp. 14–15.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Pederson, Jay P. (ed). International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 81. St. James Press, 2007. pp. 249–252.
  10. ^ Rockett, Angus. The Materials Science of Semiconductors. Springer Science & Business Media, 2007. p. 184.
  11. ^ Swinger, pp. 16, 18–19.
  12. ^ Semiconductor International, Volume 31, Issues 1-6. Cahners Publishing Company, 2008. p. 55.
  13. ^ Springer, p. 21.
  14. ^ a b c MEMC Timeline. MEMC.com. Accessed December 10, 2014.
  15. ^ Swinger, pp. 16, 22–23.
  16. ^ Swinger, pp. 28–29.
  17. ^ Swinger, pp. 28, 30, 40, 43.
  18. ^ a b Kotzias, George A. MEMC Electronic. Calyon Securities, CLSA. August 19, 2008.
  19. ^ Anderson, Colonel John M. (United States Army). NATIONAL MANUFACTURING STRATEGY: Is a National Manufacturing Strategy Essential to National Security?. U.S. Army War College. May 1, 2011. p. 10.
  20. ^ Swinger, pp. 42–43.
  21. ^ Utsunomiya – MEMC Japan Ltd.. SunEdisonSemi.com. Accessed December 10, 2012.
  22. ^ McQuarrie, Gray. Change Your Dam Thinking. Bound Publishing, 2010. p. 104.
  23. ^ Swinger, pp. 45, 47.
  24. ^ Swinger, pp. 47–50.
  25. ^ Standard & Poor's Industry Surveys, Volume 159. Standard and Poor's Corporation, 1991. p. 183.
  26. ^ a b c Feder, Barnaby J. "A Wafer Maker's Formula for Success: Equal Parts Sand and Grit". New York Times. January 27, 1997.
  27. ^ Swinger, pp. 12, 47, 49.
  28. ^ Swinger, pp. 49–50.
  29. ^ Swinger, p. 38.
  30. ^ Swinger, p. 54, 55.
  31. ^ Swinger, p. 64.
  32. ^ Swinger, pp. 65–67.
  33. ^ a b Swinger, p. 68.
  34. ^ a b Shinkle, Peter. "German Firm Sells Holdings in St. Louis-Area Silicon-Wafer Company for $1". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. October 2, 2001.
  35. ^ a b Miller, Beth. "MEMC rescued by Texas Pacific Group, stock soars". St. Louis Business Journal. October 1, 2001.
  36. ^ Shinkle, Peter. "German Utility Sells Majority Stake in MEMC Electronic Materials". St. Louis Business Journal. October 3, 2001.
  37. ^ Hunter, David. "Private Equity Group Buys E.On's 72% Stake in MEMC". Chemical Week. October 3, 2001.
  38. ^ a b c d e f Beller, Peter C. "Mr. Sunshine". Forbes. April 21, 2008.
  39. ^ Melcer, Rachel. "Missouri-Based MEMC Electronic Materials Battles Machinists on Two Fronts". St Louis Post-Dispatch. October 9, 2002.
  40. ^ a b Davidson, Andrew (ed). 1000 CEOs. Dorling Kindersley, Penguin Group, 2009. p. 426.
  41. ^ Swinger, pp. 69–74.
  42. ^ "Case Study: MEMC: Realizing A Distressed Company’s Hidden Promise". Private Equity Counsel. PEGCC.org. September 13, 2007.
  43. ^ a b Swinger, p. 69.
  44. ^ "MEMC CEO Gareeb steps down". St. Louis Business Journal. www.bizjournals.com. October 30, 2008. Archived from the original on February 13, 2009. Retrieved July 24, 2023. live
  45. ^ Harrington, Shannon D. "MEMC Agrees to Suntech Solar Deal; Ends Motech Talks (Update 3)". Bloomberg News. July 6, 2006.
  46. ^ "MEMC and Gintech Execute Solar Wafer Supply Contract". RenewableEnergyWorld.com. October 27, 2006.
  47. ^ "MEMC makes Taiwan silicon deal". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. October 27, 2006.
  48. ^ Zubko, Nick. "MEMC Electronic Materials Enters 10-Year Supply Contract". IndustryWeek. July 10, 2008.
  49. ^ Swinger, p. 71.
  50. ^ "MEMC Announces Resignation of Ceo Nabeel Gareeb; Appointment of Marshall Turner as Interim CEO". Energy Weekly News. November 21, 2008.
  51. ^ "MEMC Appoints Ahmad Chatila Chief Executive Officer". Electronics Newsweekly. February 18, 2009.
  52. ^ a b Hughes, Emma. "Q-Cells International to construct 50 MWp solar park in Bavaria". PV Tech. July 24, 2009.
  53. ^ "Q-Cells International to construct 50 MWp solar park in Bavaria". Cleanergy.org. July 27, 2009.
  54. ^ "Q-Cells SE transfers largest crystalline solar PV park in Germany to Nordcapital". SolarServer. April 6, 2010.
  55. ^ a b "MEMC to Expand Scope of Solar Business with Acquisition of SunEdison". Electronics Newsweekly. November 4, 2009.
  56. ^ a b Jigar Shah, Director
  57. ^ Claire Broido Johnson, Director. Empower Energies. EmpowerEnergies.com.
  58. ^ Cohen, Nevin (ed). Green Business: An A-to-Z Guide. Sage Publications, 2011. pp. 478–479.
  59. ^ Hanna, Nick. The Green Investing Handbook. Harriman House Limited, 2010. Parts 261–262 (Google eBook version).
  60. ^ Katz, Jonathan. "MEMC Electronic Materials Inc.: Solar Powered". IndustryWeek. January 7, 2010.
  61. ^ Seba, Tony (2014). 'Clean Disruption of Energy and Transportation: How Silicon Valley Will Make Oil, Nuclear, Natural Gas, Coal, Electric Utilities and Conventional Cars Obsolete by 2030. Tony Seba. ISBN 9780692210536.
  62. ^ Warren, Roxanne. Rail and the City: Shrinking Our Carbon Footprint While Reimagining Urban Space. MIT Press, 2014. p. 228.
  63. ^ a b "MEMC Completes Acquisition of SunEdison". PR Newswire. November 23, 2009.
  64. ^ Osborne, Mark. "MEMC acquires SunEdison in bid to further build downstream solar business". PV Tech. October 23, 2009.
  65. ^ "MEMC acquires solar services leader SunEdison". Cleanergy.org. October 25, 2009.
  66. ^ "MEMC Completes Acquisition of Solaicx". Electronics Newsweekly. July 14, 2010.
  67. ^ "MEMC Signs Agreement to Acquire Solaicx". Entertainment Close-up. May 31, 2010.
  68. ^ "Wafer maker MEMC to acquire solar firm Solaicx for $76 million" Archived 2010-05-31 at the Wayback Machine. SmartPlanet. May 25, 2010.
  69. ^ Wesoff, Eric. "MEMC Continues M&A Hunt with $66M Solaicx Buy". Greentech Media. May 24, 2010.
  70. ^ "WFR Buys Solaicx for $103.6M". Zacks Investment Research. May 25, 2010.
  71. ^ a b "Samsung Fine Chemicals and MEMC Sign Polysilicon Joint Venture Agreement". PR Newswire. February 15, 2011.
  72. ^ SUNEDISON, INC. FORM 10-Q (Quarterly Report). Filed 11/05/14 for the Period Ending 09/30/14. EDGAR Online.
  73. ^ Gallagher, Jim. "Samsung, SunEdison recast partnership". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. March 20, 2014.
  74. ^ Margolis, Matt. "GTAT Begins Delivery Of PV Equipment To Sunedison That Could Be Worth Up To $135m Of Revenue". WallStreetForensics.com. October 6, 2014.
  75. ^ "Samsung Buys Into SunEdison". Solar UK Conference. 2014.
  76. ^ Ayre, James (October 7, 2014). "SunEdison Predicts New FBR Polysilicon Process/Facility Will Lead To $0.40/W Solar Modules". cleantechnica.com. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  77. ^ "SunEdison To Produce Polysilicon At 'Lowest Cost In The World'". Energy Matters. October 2, 2014.
  78. ^ "New SunEdison Technology To Slash Cost Of Solar Power". Associated Press. October 1, 2014.
  79. ^ a b Wesoff, Eric. "Flash: SunEdison to Acquire PV Developer Axio Power". Greentech Media. June 2, 2011.
  80. ^ a b Axio Power. LinkedIn.
  81. ^ MEMC List of Subsidiaries – 12.31.11. Securities and Exchange Commission. December 31, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
  82. ^ Osborne, Mark. "MEMC to fabricate solar cells in JV". PV-Tech. July 7, 2011.
  83. ^ "SunEdison buys Fotowatio and its solar project pipeline". Power Engineering. Aug 3, 2011.
  84. ^ MEMC Electronic Materials, Inc.: FORM 8-K, Filed May 9, 2012. SECfilings.NYSE.com. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
  85. ^ Olson, Syanne. "MEMC, SunEdison finalize Fotowatio Renewable Ventures acquisition". PV-Tech. September 6, 2011.
  86. ^ "MEMC Announces Global Restructuring". PR Newswire. December 8, 2011.
  87. ^ Read, Richard. "Portland factory will lose 100 of its 140 workers as global solar prices, profits plunge". The Oregonian. December 8, 2011.
  88. ^ "MEMC Introduces Silvantis 290W PV Solar Modules". Solar Novus Today. April 10, 2012.
  89. ^ "MEMC Changes Company Name To SunEdison". PR Newswire. May 30, 2013.
  90. ^ Mehta, Shyam. "From MEMC to SunEdison: A Uniquely American Solar Tale". Greentech Media. March 14, 2013.
  91. ^ Barker, Tim. "SunEdison launches semiconductor business IPO". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. May 22, 2014.
  92. ^ a b Gara, Antoine. "SunEdison Turnaround A Big Score For Small Activist Hedge Fund". Forbes. November 18, 2014.
  93. ^ "How much could SunEdison spinoff raise?". St. Louis Business Journal. November 26, 2013.
  94. ^ Hoium, Travis. "What You Need to Know About the TerraForm Power IPO". Motley Fool. July 18, 2014.
  95. ^ Ausick, Paul. "SunEdison Spin-Off TerraForm Power Scores Hot IPO". 24/7 Wall Street. July 18, 2014.
  96. ^ Parnell, John. "SunEdison’s yield co spin off makes third-party acquisition". PV Tech. October 9, 2014.
  97. ^ Company Overview of TerraForm Power, Inc.. Bloomberg Businessweek.
  98. ^ Goossens, Ehren. "SunEdison Plans Second Yieldco With Emerging Markets Focus". Bloomberg Business. May 7, 2015.
  99. ^ a b TerraForm Global Inc. – Profile at New York Times. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
  100. ^ Meehan, Chris. "SunEdison Develops New, More Efficient Photovoltaics, Reduces Costs". Solar Reviews. October 14, 2014.
  101. ^ "New SunEdison Polysilicon Technology to Slash Cost of Solar Power". Reuters. October 1, 2014.
  102. ^ Cardwell, Diane. "SunEdison and TerraForm Buy First Wind, Gaining a Toehold in Turbines". New York Times. November 17, 2014.
  103. ^ "SunEdison gets wind power firm for $2B-plus". Associated Press. November 17, 2014.
  104. ^ Hill, Joshua S. (November 21, 2014). "SunEdison Set To Become World's Largest Clean Energy Developer". cleantechnica.com. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  105. ^ "50 Smartest Companies 2015". MIT Technology Review. 2015.
  106. ^ "SunEdison to Offload Semiconductor Unit Stake for $193M". Zacks. June 29, 2015.
  107. ^ "Overview/Locations".
  108. ^ Colthorpe, Andy. "SunEdison to sell remaining shares in semiconductor business for US$193 million". PV Tech. 25 June 2015.
  109. ^ Feldt, Brian. "SunEdison sells remaining stake in semiconductor". St. Louis Business Journal. July 3, 2015.
  110. ^ Cardwell, Diane. "SunEdison, Becoming So Big It Fails, Prepares for Bankruptcy". New York Times. April 15, 2016.
  111. ^ Pentland, William. "Burned By The Sun: SunEdison Braces For Bankruptcy, But Why?". Forbes. April 16, 2016.
  112. ^ Eckhouse, Brian. "SunEdison's Complex Finances Make Potential Bankruptcy `Messy'". Bloomberg News. April 18, 2016.
  113. ^ Eckhouse, Brian. "How Wall Street's Favorite Solar Company Spent Itself to the Brink". Bloomberg News. March 30, 2016.
  114. ^ "SunEdison audit panel, directors identify cash accounting issues". Reuters. April 14, 2016.
  115. ^ Crooks, Ed. "SunEdison’s ambitions end in bankruptcy". Financial Times. April 21, 2016.
  116. ^ Brickely, Peg and Liz Hoffman. "SunEdison Files for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection". Wall Street Journal. April 21, 2016.
  117. ^ a b Bomey, Nathan (April 21, 2016). "SunEdison files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy". USA TODAY. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  118. ^ "SunEdison Continues Operations Despite Bankruptcy And Lawsuits - OilPrice.com". OilPrice.com.
  119. ^ "Press Releases | SunEdison". investors.sunedison.com. Archived from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
  120. ^ a b c d Hals, Tom; Groom, Nichola (April 22, 2016). "Solar developer SunEdison in bankruptcy as aggressive growth plan unravels". Reuters. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  121. ^ a b c Brickley, Peg; Hoffman, Liz (April 21, 2016). "SunEdison Files for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  122. ^ Beckerman, Josh (March 31, 2016). "SunEdison Gets Justice Department Subpoena, Confirms SEC Inquiry". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  123. ^ "SunEdison Sets Bankruptcy Exit With Nothing for Shareholders". Bloomberg.com. July 25, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  124. ^ Corrigan, Tom (July 19, 2017). "SunEdison Wins Broad Support for Bankruptcy-Exit Plan". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  125. ^ a b "SunEdison Emerges From Bankruptcy a Shadow of Its Former Self". www.greentechmedia.com.
  126. ^ "Terraform Power".
Wikimedia Commons has media related to SunEdison.

Read other articles:

Holger Höglund

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Holger HöglundLahir(1906-05-31)31 Mei 1906Meninggal23 Maret 1965(1965-03-23) (umur 58)PekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1942–1963 Holger Höglund (31 Mei 1906 – 23 Maret 1965) adalah seorang pemeran film Swedia. Ia tampil dalam 2...

 

Ketoprak Mataram

Adegan Ketoprak Mataram dengan latar belakang menggunakan tonil Ketoprak Mataram (Jawa: ꦑꦼꦛꦺꦴꦥꦿꦏ꧀ꦩꦠꦫꦩ꧀, translit. Kethoprak Mataram) adalah sejenis seni pentas drama tradisional yang menggunakan iringan gamelan Jawa yang berkembang di wilayah Jawa Tengah (Kota Semarang, Surakarta dan Kota Magelang), Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, dan sebagian Jawa Timur. Ketoprak ini diyakini merupakan pengembangan dari Ketoprak Lesung, yang dianggap sebagai awal mula terbent...

 

Leanne Linard

Australian politician The HonourableLeanne LinardMPMinister for Science and InnovationIncumbentAssumed office 18 December 2023PremierSteven MilesPreceded byHerself (as Minister for Science) Stirling Hinchliffe (as Minister for Innovation, Tourism and Sport)Minister for ScienceIn office18 May 2023 – 18 December 2023PremierAnnastacia Palaszczuk Steven MilesPreceded byMeaghan Scanlon[a]Succeeded byHerself (as Minister for Science and Innovation)Minister for the Environment...

Georges de Nantes

Georges de Nantes Georges de Nantes, dit l'abbé de Nantes. Biographie Nom de naissance Georges Marie Camille de Nantes Naissance 3 avril 1924Toulon, France Décès 15 février 2010 (à 85 ans)Saint-Parres-lès-Vaudes, France[1] modifier  Georges de Nantes, né à Toulon le 3 avril 1924 et mort à Saint-Parres-lès-Vaudes le 15 février 2010, plus connu sous le nom de l'abbé de Nantes[note 1], est un prêtre catholique traditionaliste fondateur de la Ligue de la contre-réforme ca...

 

Orgelet-le-Bourget

Cet article est une ébauche concernant une ancienne commune de France et le département du Jura. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations du projet des communes de France. Orgelet-le-Bourget Orgelet depuis la rue du Château Administration Pays France Région Franche-Comté Département Jura Arrondissement Lons-le-Saunier Démographie Population 1 662 hab. (1968) Densité 131 hab./km2 Géographie Coordonnées 46°&#...

 

Jay McInerney

Pour les articles homonymes, voir McInerney. Jay McInerney Jay McInerney au Festival du film de Tribeca 2010 Données clés Nom de naissance John Barrett McInerney Jr. Naissance 13 janvier 1955 (69 ans) Hartford, Connecticut, États-Unis Activité principale Romancier, nouvelliste Distinctions Prix Fitzgerald 2017 Auteur Langue d’écriture Anglais américain Mouvement Brat Pack Œuvres principales Journal d'un oiseau de nuit Les Jours enfuis modifier Jay McInerney, né le 13 janvier 1...

Danger Mouse (musician)

American musician and producer (born 1977) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Danger Mouse musician – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and...

 

37 год

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. 37 (значения). Запрос «37» перенаправляется сюда; о числе 37 см. 37 (число). Годы 33 · 34 · 35 · 36 — 37 — 38 · 39 · 40 · 41 Десятилетия 10-е · 20-е — 30-е — 40-е · 50-е Века I век до н. э. — I век — II век 1-е тысячелетие II век до н....

 

コルク

この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。（このテンプレートの使い方）出典検索?: コルク – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL（2017年4月） コルクを打ち抜いて作った瓶の栓 コルク（木栓、�...

Catscratch

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento serie televisive d'animazione non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Catscratchserie TV d'animazione I tre protagonisti Lingua orig.inglese PaeseStati Uniti AutoreDoug TenNapel RegiaMichael Girard MusicheTerry Scott Taylor StudioNickelodeon Animation ...

 

Battle of the Boar's Head

1916 battle on the Western Front of World War I Battle of the Boar's HeadPart of The Western Front, in the First World WarRichebourg-l'Avoué area, 1914–1916Date30 June 1916LocationArtois, France50°34′19″N 2°44′41″E / 50.57194°N 2.74472°E / 50.57194; 2.74472Result See Aftermath sectionBelligerents  British Empire  GermanyCommanders and leaders Douglas Haig Erich von FalkenhaynStrength 2 battalionsCasualties and losses 850–1,366Richbourg (Boar'...

 

Fiber to the x

Broadband network architecture term Fiber broadband redirects here. For the overhead version of data and internet transmission, see Broadband over power lines. FTTB, FTTC, FTTD, FTTH, FTTK, FTTN, and FTTP all redirect here. For airports with those ICAO codes, see List of airports in Chad. A schematic illustrating how FTTX (Node, Curb, Building, Home) architectures vary with regard to the distance between the optical fiber and the end user. The building on the left is the central office; the b...

Perjanjian Versailles

Perjanjian Versailles Nama panjang: Perjanjian Perdamaian antara Negara-negara Sekutu dan Jerman[1] Sampul versi bahasa InggrisDitandatangani28 Juni 1919LokasiRuang Cermin di Istana Versailles, Paris, Prancis[2]Efektif10 Januari 1920[3]SyaratRatifikasi oleh Jerman dan tiga negara Sekutu utama.[1]Penanda tanganBlok Tengah  Jerman[1] Blok Sekutu  Amerika Serikat[1]  Kekaisaran Inggris[1]  Prancis[1]  Italia...

 

Rebreather diving

Underwater diving using self contained breathing gas recycling apparatus This article is about the activity and procedures. For the equipment, see Diving rebreather. 2nd Reconnaissance Battalion combat diver training with the Dräger LAR V rebreather Rebreather diving is underwater diving using diving rebreathers, a class of underwater breathing apparatus which recirculate the breathing gas exhaled by the diver after replacing the oxygen used and removing the carbon dioxide metabolic product...

 

أحمد العلاوي

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (يناير 2024) أحمد بن مصطفى العلاوي معلومات شخصية الميلاد 1291 هـمستغانم الجزائرية الوفاة 1351 هـمستغانم  الإقامة جزائر�...

1839 Grand National

English steeplechase horse race 1839 Grand NationalGrand NationalLocationAintreeDate26 February 1839Winning horseLotteryStarting price9/1JockeyJem MasonTrainer George DockerayOwnerJohn ElmoreConditionsHeavy← 18381840 → Lottery racing colours The 1839 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was the first official annual running of a steeplechase which later became known as the Grand National. It was held at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on Tuesday 26 February 1839 and ...

 

A Malefactor

Short story by Anton ChekhovA MalefactorShort story by Anton ChekhovThe 1941 illustration by KukryniksyOriginal titleЗлоумышленникTranslatorConstance GarnettCountryRussiaLanguageRussianPublicationPublished inPeterburgskaya GazetaPublication date7 August 1885Published in English1919 A Malefactor (Russian: Злоумышленник, romanized: Zloumyshlennik) is an 1885 short story by Anton Chekhov.[1] Publication A Malefactor was first published in the 7 Aug...

 

2024 Copa América

48th edition of the Copa América This article documents a current Copa América. Information may change rapidly as the event progresses. Initial news reports, scores, or statistics may be unreliable. The last updates to this article may not reflect the most current information. Please feel free to improve this article (but note that updates without valid and reliable references will be removed) or discuss changes on the talk page. (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2024 ...

Lantern

Portable lighting device For other uses, see Lantern (disambiguation). A railroad brakeman's signal lantern, fueled by kerosene. Look up lantern in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A lantern is an often portable source of lighting, typically featuring a protective enclosure for the light source – historically usually a candle, a wick in oil, or a thermoluminescent mesh, and often a battery-powered light in modern times – to make it easier to carry and hang up, an...

 

Local board of health

This article is about the 19th-century English and Welsh local government establishments. For the 21st-century NHS Wales administrative units, see Local health board. A local board of health (or simply a local board) was a local authority in urban areas of England and Wales from 1848 to 1894. They were formed in response to cholera epidemics and were given powers to control sewers, clean the streets, regulate environmental health risks including slaughterhouses and ensure the proper supply of...