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Strobilanthes kunthiana
Conservation status
	; Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Acanthaceae
Genus:	Strobilanthes
Species:	S. kunthiana
Binomial name
	Strobilanthes kunthiana; (Wall. ex Nees) T. Anders. ex Benth.

Strobilanthes kunthiana, known as Kurinji or Neelakurinji in Tamil language and Malayalam and Gurige in Kannada, is a shrub of the bear's breeches family (Acanthaceae) that is found in the shola forests of the Western Ghats in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The purplish blue flower blossoms only once in 12 years, and gave the Nilgiri Mountains range its name as nil (blue) + giri (mountains). The name Neelakurinji originates from the Malayalam language neela (blue) + kurinji (flower).^[2]^{[better source needed]} Of all long interval bloomers (or plietesials) Strobilanthes kunthiana is the most rigorously demonstrated, with documented bloomings in 1838, 1850, 1862, 1874, 1886, 1898, 1910, 1922, 1934, 1946, 1958, 1970,^[3] 1982, 1994, 2006,^[4] 2018 and 2022, these have no match to Solar cycles.

The Paliyan tribal people living in Tamil Nadu used it as a reference to calculate their age.^[5] This plant flowers during September–October.

Description

Kurinji grows at an altitude of 1300 meters to 2400 metres. The plant is usually 30 to 60 cm high. They can, however, grow well beyond 180 cm under congenial conditions.^[6]

The kurinji plant belongs to the genus Strobilanthes which was first scientifically described by Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck in the 19th century. The genus has around 250 species, of which at least 46 are found in India. Most of these species show an unusual flowering behavior, varying from annual to 16-year blooming cycles.^[7]^[8]

Plants that bloom at long intervals like Strobilanthes kunthiana are known as plietesials. Other commonly used expressions or terms which apply to part or all of the plietesial life history include gregarious flowering, mast seeding and supra-annual synchronized semelparity (semelparity = monocarpy).^[9]

Other kurinji species, such as Strobilanthes cuspidatus, bloom once every seven years, and then die. Their seeds subsequently sprout and continue the cycle of life and death.^[10]

Masting

Some species of Strobilanthes are examples of a mass seeding phenomenon termed as masting^[11] which can be defined as "synchronous production of seed at long intervals by a population of plants".^[12] Strict masting only occurs in species that are monocarpic (or semelparous) -- individuals of the species only reproduce once during their lifetime, then die,^[13] as is the case with Strobilanthes kunthiana.

Habitat

Kurinji once used to cover the Anamalai Hills, Cardamom Hills, Nilgiri Hills, Palani Hills, Kudremukh and Bababudangiri like a carpet during its flowering season. Now plantations and dwellings occupy much of their habitat. Neelakurinji also bloomed in Chandra Drona Hill Ranges (Bababudan Giri) in Chikkamagaluru district of Karnataka in 2006. The whole of Bababudangiri Hills (Datta Peeta) were covered in a carpet of bluish purple flowers. It is expected to bloom again in 2018^[14] Besides the Western Ghats, Neelakurinji is also seen in the Shevroy in the Eastern Ghats, Sanduru hills of Bellary district in Karnataka.

In 2006, Neelakurunji flowered again in Kerala and Tamil Nadu after a gap of 12 years.

In 2017, Neelakurinji flowers bloomed in the hills behind Kumaraswamy temple in Sanduru, Bellary district.^[15]

Conservation

Kurinjimala Sanctuary protects the kurinji in approximately 32 km² core habitat in Kottakamboor and Vattavada villages in Idukki district of Kerala. The Save Kurinji Campaign Council organizes campaigns and, programs for conservation of the Kurinji plant and its habit.^[6] Kurinji Andavar temple located in Kodaikanal on Tamil Nadu dedicated to Tamil God Murugan also preserves Strobilanthes plants.

References in literature

Kurinji flower is used to describe the associated mountainous landscape where it blooms in Sangam Literature classical Tamil literature. The historical novel, Kurinji Flowers by Clare Flynn features the neelakurinji as a backdrop to a tragic love affair in 1940s India.^[16]

Prime Minister Narendra Modi also referenced the neelakurinji in his Independence Day speech in 2018, a year when the neelakurinji was in bloom.^[17]

References

^ Amitha Bachan, K.H.; Devika, M.A. (2024). "Strobilanthes kunthiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T239578615A239579829. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
^ "Decline of a Montane Ecosystem". Kartik Shanker Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science. February 1997. Retrieved 5 May 2022. Strobilanthes kunthianus, a small shrub, blooms once in twelve years, covering the hillsides with bluish flowers, giving the Nilgiris its name (nil- blue; giri- hill)
^ Burley; Styles, eds. (1976). Tropical Trees. London: Academic Press. pp. 138–139.
^ Frontline periodical Volume 23 Issue 17 (August 26, 2006)
^ Mike Kielty (2008-03-04). "The Lost Gardens of the Raj". The Cambridge Student Online. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12.
^ ^a ^b Save Kurinji Campaign, [1] Flower of the blue mountains]
^ "Kurinji crown". Frontline. 8 September 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-10-21. Retrieved 21 October 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Neelakurinji Flowering Season 2018-When Munnar Blooms Blue in 2018". 2018-02-21.
^ Daniel, Thomas F. 2006. Synchronous Flowering and Monocarpy Suggest Plietesial Life History for Neotropical Stenostephanus chiapensis (Acanthaceae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. Fourth Series. Volume 57, No. 38, pp. 1011–1018, 1 fig. December 28, 2006
^ "Wonder flower in bloom again". The Hindu. 14 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
^ Kelly, D. 1994. The evolutionary ecology of mast seeding (PDF). Trends Ecol. Evol.. 9(12): 465-470. Accessed on 24 January 2010
^ Janzen (1976) in Annul. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 7, 347-391
^ Strobilanthes callosus; Botany Photo of the Day Archived 2010-09-26 at the Wayback Machine; Notes posted by Daniel Mosquin; January 13, 2009
^ Sehgal, Supriya Sehgalsupriya. "Special experiences―Neelakurinji blooms". The Times of India.
^ "Karnataka: 12-year wonder in full bloom". Bangalore Mirror. Retrieved 2018-07-13.
^ Flynn, Clare (8 October 2014). Kurinji Flowers. London: Cranbrook Press.
^ "Full text of PM Modi's Independence Day speech". The Indian Express. 2018-08-16. Retrieved 2020-08-16.