Storm Ballos

Storm Ballos
Storm Ballos over Greece on 15 October
TypeExtratropical cyclone
Formed13 October 2021
Dissipated16 October 2021
Lowest pressure1005[1] mb (29.68 inHg)
Maximum snowfall
or ice accretion		15 cm (5.9 in)
Maximum rainfall>460 mm (18 in) in Ithaca
Fatalities2 total
DamageA balcony collapsed in the Athens suburb of Halandri.
Power outagesUnknown
Areas affectedFrance (Corsica), Italy, Greece, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Albania

Storm Ballos was a notable extratropical cyclone that caused devastating floods across Greece during mid-October 2021. The second storm to be officially named in conjunction with the naming list of the former, Israel and Cyprus, Ballos formed on 13 October over the Mediterranean Sea from the combination of a frontal system and a circulation which first developed, two days earlier. It then moved over Greece, before proceeding into the Aegean Sea, where it slowly weakened and dissipated by 16 October. However, despite the HNMC naming the system, the Free University of Berlin (FUB) didn’t assign any name on it along with its weather maps.

Overall, Ballos caused heavy destruction in Greece, not a week after Storm Athina struck the country. Heavy rainfall caused many disruptions in transportation, along with the storm-spawned flash floods. Over 1,000 calls for help were received by Fire Brigade authorities and traffic bans were implemented to regulate traffic. Ithaca was impacted by 460 millimetres (18 inches) of rainfall, the highest in association with the system. Two more areas received rainfall higher than 260 millimetres (10 inches). In addition, Ballos also brought the first snow to the country, with Western Macedonia, with 15 centimetres (5.9 inches) falling there. Two deaths were reported in the country, all due to them being swept away by strong currents of floods.

Meteorological history

Ballos originated from a circulation which developed on 11 October over Corsica.[2] On the next day, an extratropical cyclone formed in the Black Sea, with a barometric pressure of 1,005 mbar (1,005 hPa). At that day, the circulation over the aforementioned island entered the Tyrrhenian Sea near southern Italy, in which it attained a pressure of 1,010 mbar (1,010 hPa).[1] The storm over the Black Sea eventually moved northwards by 13 October, with the strengthening circulation over Italy merging over the system’s front. At the same day, the Hellenic National Meteorological Service named the strengthening storm “Ballos”, the second from the agency’s collaborated naming lists.[3][4] It further coalesced into a single system near Greece on 14 October, with the storm connected to a strong high pressure area, in which the Free University of Berlin (FUB) named “Oldenburgia” before it moved northeastwards across the country on the next day and emerging into the Aegean Sea.[5][6] It then continued its northeastward movement before dissipating on weather maps by 16 October.[7]

Impacts

According to the National Observatory of Athens (Εθνικού Αστεροσκοπείου Αθηνών [sic]), torrential rains with strong gusts, snow, and even hailstorms were anticipated for the bulk of Greece starting on October 13, as the Hellenic National Meteorological Service named the system Ballos. The country's Ministry of Climate Crisis and Civil Protection convened a conference to examine the storm, as well as issuing warnings to its citizens about Ballos.[8][9] The Greek Armed Forces were also placed on alert in case additional assistance was required during Ballos.[10] Cephalonia (also known as Kefalonia) halted lessons from preschool through high school on October 14 due to the storm. Classes were also canceled in Moschato, Nea Filadelfia, Attiki, and Archances on that day.[11][12] More municipalities outside of Attica, including Nea Chalkidona, Moschato-Tavros, Heraklion, Elefsina, and Nafplio, as well as Argos-Mycenae, followed suit later that day. According to further reports, all classes in all districts of Attica were also halted as a precaution.[13][14] Residents of Attica were also given phone alerts about the storm's potential effects.[15]

On the 14th of October, rain began to fall over the country, causing significant traffic bottlenecks in Attica, particularly in Athens. Following that, one of the traffic-affected zones was restored. Flooding was to blame, according to the local newspaper Kathimerini. Meanwhile, the country's Fire Brigade Department received numerous calls for flood, water pumping, and tree removal assistance in some Athens suburbs and municipalities, the first of which was caused by the similar effect Storm Athina had on the country during the first week of October.[16][15][17] Some kids at a primary school in Nea Filadelfeia were forced to cross an improvised bridge out of their rooms due to the school being severely flooded, while a Greek Parliament building was also damaged.[18][19] Due to rapid flash floods, a route was also impassable to automobiles, and tram services were also disrupted. Many people were also stranded in their cars as a result of the floodwaters, but they were all successfully rescued by fire department personnel.[20] Numerous landslides on Crete Island also damaged and/or destroyed public roadways.[21] Due to the swath of Ballos' repercussions, Corfu Island was also classified in a "state of emergency." There were 69 persons who needed to be rescued.[22]

Residents in Arkalochori, who had previously been hit by an earthquake, were flooded by Ballos' rains, which soaked everything from their tents to their food supplies.[23] Two deaths were reported throughout the country as a result of the storm: one in Pikermi, where a person was swept away by a strong torrent of floods while crossing a bridge, and another in Tsakaioi, Karystos, where a senior citizen met the same fate; at this time, into a river.[24][25] On 24 October in the evening, the Ionian Islands had received over 490 calls for assistance, with a total of 1,164 for the entire country. A traffic ban was requested for Kifissos and Attica due to the effects of Ballos, which was later accepted.[26][27] The Fire Brigade leadership chose Corfu and Ithaca as the areas most impacted by the storm the next day, 15 October, and they worked nonstop to react to the calls in these areas.[28] In Thessaloniki, a sinkhole swallowed a bus carrying 15 passengers, while another was nearly buried by floodwaters; neither incident resulted in any deaths or injuries.[22][29] Over 30 tons of rain were also reported in the Kifissos basin, which a Natural Disaster Management official blamed on Greece's climate change.[30] Furthermore, Ithaca receives the most rainfall from Ballos, with 460 millimetres (18 in), followed by Mount Athos with 297 millimetres (11.7 in) and Etoloakarnania with 262 millimetres (10.3 in). This is almost equivalent to Athens' monthly rainfall, but significantly less than the 700 millimetres (28 in) of rain recorded in Zagora and Pelion during Storm Athina.[31][32] Along with the rain, the storm brought the season's first snowfall to Western Macedonia, with 15 centimetres (5.9 in) falling in the region.[31][33]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Prognose 20211012". Institut für Meteorologie. Free University of Berlin (FUB). October 12, 2021. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2021.
  2. ^ "Prognose 20211011". Institut für Meteorologie. Free University of Berlin (FUB). October 11, 2021. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2021.
  3. ^ "Prognose 20211013". Institut für Meteorologie. Free University of Berlin (FUB). October 13, 2021. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2021.
  4. ^ Hellenic National Meteorological Service [@EMY_HNMS] (October 13, 2021). "Έχει αρχίσει να δημιουργείται στην Κεντρική Μεσόγειο η διαταραχή που το πρωί της Πέμπτης θα επηρεάζει κυρίως τα δυτικά και τα βόρεια, ενώ το βράδυ θα επεκταθεί στο μεγαλύτερο μέρος της χώρας @GSCP_GR #ballos #warning #κακοκαιρία (The disturbance has begun to form in the Central Mediterranean, which on Thursday morning will mainly affect the west and the north, while at night it will spread to most of the country.@GSCP_GR#ballos#warning#κακοκαιρία)" (Tweet) (in Greek). Retrieved November 7, 2021 – via Twitter.
  5. ^ "Prognose 20211014". Institut für Meteorologie. Free University of Berlin (FUB). October 14, 2021. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2021.
  6. ^ "Prognose 20211015". Institut für Meteorologie. Free University of Berlin (FUB). October 15, 2021. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2021.
  7. ^ "Prognose 20211016". Institut für Meteorologie. Free University of Berlin (FUB). October 16, 2021. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2021.
  8. ^ "Κακοκαιρία Μπάλλος: Έκτακτη τηλεδιάσκεψη Χρ. Στυλιανίδη με τους 13 Περιφερειάρχες – Σε ετοιμότητα ο μηχανισμός" [Bad weather Ballos: Extraordinary video conference Chr. Stylianidis with the 13 Regional Governors - The mechanism is ready]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  9. ^ "Κακοκαιρία "Μπάλλος": Ποιες περιοχές θα επηρεαστούν πρώτες – Τα νεότερα προγνωστικά δεδομένα (χάρτες)" [Bad weather "Ballos": Which areas will be affected first - The latest forecast data (maps)]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  10. ^ "Κακοκαιρία "Μπάλλος": Σε απόλυτη ετοιμότητα οι Ένοπλες Δυνάμεις" [Bad weather "Ballos": The Armed Forces are on full alert]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  11. ^ "Κακοκαιρία "Μπάλλος": Σε πλήρη εξέλιξη τα έντονα καιρικά φαινόμενα – Κλειστά σχολεία σε πολλές περιοχές" [Bad weather "Ballos": In full swing the intense weather phenomena - Closed schools in many areas]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  12. ^ "Κακοκαιρία "Μπάλλος": Κλειστά σήμερα τα εσπερινά σχολεία στην Αττική" [Bad weather "Ballos": The evening schools in Attica are closed today]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  13. ^ "Κακοκαιρία "Μπάλλος": Ποια σχολεία θα μείνουν κλειστά αύριο" [Bad weather "Ballos": Which schools will be closed tomorrow]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  14. ^ "Κακοκαιρία "Μπάλλος": Κλειστά όλα τα σχολεία στην Αττική αύριο" [Bad weather "Ballos": All schools in Attica are closed tomorrow]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  15. ^ a b "Κακοκαιρία "Μπάλλος": Μήνυμα από το 112 για επικίνδυνα καιρικά φαινόμενα" [Bad weather "Ballos": Message from 112 for dangerous weather phenomena]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  16. ^ "Κίνηση: "Στο κόκκινο" οι δρόμοι της Αττικής" [Traffic: "In the red" the streets of Attica]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  17. ^ "Κακοκαιρία "Μπάλλος": Πλημμύρισαν δρόμοι στην Αττική – Δεκάδες κλήσεις στην Πυροσβεστική" [Bad weather "Ballos": Roads flooded in Attica - Dozens of calls to the Fire Department]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  18. ^ "Νέα Φιλαδέλφεια: Βγήκαν από πλημμυρισμένες τάξεις με "γέφυρα" από θρανία (βίντεο)" [New Philadelphia: They came out of flooded classrooms with a "bridge" of desks (video)]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  19. ^ "Η κακοκαιρία "Μπάλλος" έπληξε και το κτίριο της Βουλής" [The bad weather "Ballos" also hit the Parliament building]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  20. ^ "Κακοκαιρία "Μπάλλος": "Καταρράκτης" στον περιφερειακό Λυκαβηττού (βίντεο)" [Bad weather "Ballos": "Waterfall" in the Lycabettus ring road (video)]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  21. ^ "Κακοκαιρία "Μπάλλος": Προβλήματα και στην Κρήτη – Κατολίσθηση στις Καμάρες, ζημιές στο οδικό δίκτυο" [Bad weather "Ballos": Problems in Crete - Landslide in Kamares, damage to the road network]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  22. ^ a b Tasos Kokkinidis. "Man Killed as Storm Ballos Batters Greece for Second Day". Greek Reporter. Archived from the original on October 15, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  23. ^ "Κακοκαιρία "Μπάλλος" – Αρκαλοχώρι: Αντιμέτωποι με τη βροχή οι σεισμόπληκτοι" [Bad weather "Ballos" - Arkalochori: Earthquake victims face the rain]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  24. ^ "Κακοκαιρία "Μπάλλος": Έρευνες της ΕΜΑΚ για αγνοούμενο στο Πικέρμι – Κλήση στο 112 για πολίτη που παρασύρθηκε" [Bad weather "Ballos": EMAK investigations for a missing person in Pikermi - Call 112 for a citizen who was abducted]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  25. ^ "Κακοκαιρία "Μπάλλος": Ενισχύονται οι δυνάμεις για τον εντοπισμό του 70χρονου στην Εύβοια" [Bad weather "Ballos": Forces are strengthened to locate the 70-year-old in Evia]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  26. ^ "Κακοκαιρία "Μπάλλος": Εισήγηση Στυλιανίδη για τηλεργασία και κλείσιμο του Κηφισού" [Bad weather "Ballos": Stylianidis suggestion for telework and closure of Kifissos]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on October 15, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  27. ^ "Κακοκαιρία "Μπάλλος": Λουκέτο σε Δημόσιο, τηλεργασία σε ιδιωτικό τομέα, απαγόρευση κυκλοφορίας σε Κηφισό – παραλιακή" [Bad weather "Ballos": Padlock in Public, telework in private sector, traffic ban in Kifissos - coastal]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  28. ^ "Κακοκαιρία Μπάλλος: Πλήττει για δεύτερη ημέρα τη χώρα – Ξεπέρασαν τις 1.500 οι κλήσεις στην Πυροσβεστική" [Bad weather Ballos: It hits the country for the second day - More than 1,500 calls to the Fire Department]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on October 15, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  29. ^ "ΟΣΥ για βυθισμένο λεωφορείο – Βασική προτεραιότητα η ασφαλής μεταφορά επιβατών" [OSY for sunken bus - The main priority is the safe transport of passengers]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on October 15, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  30. ^ "Ευθ. Λέκκας: 30 εκατ. τόνοι νερού έπεσαν χθες στον Κηφισό" [Ευθ. Lekkas: 30 million tons of water fell yesterday in Kifissos]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on October 15, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  31. ^ a b "Storm Ballos dumps over a month's worth of rain in Greece capital". Accuweather. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  32. ^ "Κακοκαιρία "Μπάλλος": "Πνίγηκε" η Ιθάκη – Πού σημειώθηκαν τα μεγαλύτερα ύψη βροχής" [Bad weather "Ballos": Ithaca "drowned" - Where the highest rainfall was recorded]. www.kathimerini.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  33. ^ "Western Macedonia: First snow of the season falls". Greek City Times. Archived from the original on October 15, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
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This article is about the year 1829. For the game, see 1829 (board game). Calendar year Millennium: 2nd millennium Centuries: 18th century 19th century 20th century Decades: 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s Years: 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1829 by topic Humanities Archaeology Architecture Art Literature Poetry Music By country Australia Brazil Canada China Denmark France Germany Mexico New Zealand Norway Russia South Africa Sweden United Kingdom United States Other ...

 

植物細胞

植物細胞の構造 植物細胞（しょくぶつさいぼう）は植物を構成する細胞である。他の真核生物の細胞とは、以下のような様々な点で区別される。 トノプラスト（英語版）[1][2]と呼ばれる膜で囲まれ、水で満たされた大きな液胞が存在する。この構造は、膨圧の維持、細胞質基質と樹液の間の分子の移動の制御、有益な物質の貯蔵や老廃タンパク質及び細胞�...