Stenus
Genus of beetles
Stenus is a genus of semiaquatic rove beetles in the subfamily Steninae , and one of the largest genera in the kingdom Animalia, with some 3100 known species worldwide (only the beetle genus Agrilus is comparable in size).[ 1] [ 2] They are predators of Collembola and other small arthropods. Adults have a protrusible labium with a sticky tip used in prey capture. To overcome the rapid escape of Collembola , the labium is protruded at high speed (1-3 ms in Stenus comma ) by hemolymph pressure, and immediately withdrawn (withdrawn in 30-40 ms in Stenus comma ), pulling the prey within the range of the mandibles. However, the labium tip does not easily stick to prey covered in scales or setae or that have a large body size. Stenus comma is more likely to catch such prey by lunging forward and grabbing them directly with its mandibles rather than using its labium.[ 3] Stenus species are also known for "skimming" on the water surface using their pygidial gland secretions that act as a surfactant and rapidly propel the beetle fast forward, a phenomenon known as the Marangoni effect . Stenus comma has been seen to achieve a velocity of 0.75 m/s, and to cover a distance of up to 15 m
if the secretion is continuous.[ 4] [ 5]
Selected species
Stenus adelops Casey, 1884
Stenus adspector Maklin, 1852
Stenus advena (Casey, 1884)
Stenus agnatus (Casey, 1884)
Stenus alacer Casey, 1884
Stenus alpicola Fauvel, 1872
Stenus alveolatus Casey, 1884
Stenus amabilis (Casey, 1884)
Stenus amicus Casey, 1884
Stenus amplifacatus Benick, 1921
Stenus angustus Casey, 1884
Stenus animatus Casey, 1884
Stenus annularis Erichson, 1840
Stenus arculus Casey, 1840
Stenus argus Gravenhorst, 1806
Stenus arizonae Casey, 1884
Stenus artus Casey, 1884
Stenus austini Casey, 1884
Stenus bakeri Bernhauer, 1910
Stenus biguttatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Stenus bilentigatus Casey, 1884
Stenus bipunctatus Erichson, 1839
Stenus biwenxuani Tang & Li, 2013 [ 6]
Stenus caenicolus Notman, 1919
Stenus californicus Casey, 1884
Stenus callosus Erichson, 1840
Stenus canadensis (Casey, 1884)
Stenus canaliculatus Gyllenhal, 1827
Stenus capucinus Boheman, 1858
Stenus cariniceps Maklin, 1852
Stenus carinicollis Casey, 1884
Stenus carolinae Casey, 1884
Stenus carolinus Bernhauer, 1917
Stenus chalybeus Boheman, 1858
Stenus chapini Blackwelder, 1943
Stenus colon Say, 1834
Stenus colonus Erichson, 1840
Stenus comma LeConte 1863
Stenus convictor Casey, 1884
Stenus corvus Casey, 1884
Stenus costalis Casey, 1884
Stenus croceatus (Casey, 1884)
Stenus cubanus Blackwelder, 1943
Stenus cubensis Bernhauer, 1910
Stenus curtus Casey, 1884
Stenus delawarensis Casey, 1884
Stenus dispar Casey, 1884
Stenus dissentiens Casey, 1884
Stenus dives Casey, 1884
Stenus dolosus Casey, 1884
Stenus dyeri Blackwelder, 1943
Stenus edax Notman, 1920
Stenus ellipticus Casey, 1884
Stenus eriensis Casey, 1884
Stenus erythropus Melsheimer, 1844
Stenus exasperatus Benick, 1925
Stenus exploratus Fall, 1926
Stenus falli Scheerpeltz, 1933
Stenus femoratus Say, 1834
Stenus flavicornis Erichson, 1840
Stenus floridanus Casey, 1884
Stenus fraternus (Casey, 1884)
Stenus frigidus Falls, 1926
Stenus fulvoguttatus Notman, 1920
Stenus gemmeus Casey, 1884
Stenus gibbicollis Sahlberg, 1880
Stenus gilae Casey, 1884
Stenus gratiosus Casey, 1884
Stenus gravidus Casey, 1884
Stenus haitiensis Blackwelder, 1943
Stenus hirsutus Casey, 1884
Stenus hispaniolus Blackwelder, 1943
Stenus hubbardi Casey, 1884
Stenus immarginatus Mäklin, 1853
Stenus incertus Casey, 1884
Stenus incultus Casey, 1884
Stenus indigens Casey, 1884
Stenus ingratus Casey, 1884
Stenus inornatus Casey, 1884
Stenus insignis Casey, 1884
Stenus integer Casey, 1884
Stenus intrusus Casey, 1884
Stenus juno (Paykull, 1789)
Stenus juvencus Casey, 1884
Stenus laetulus (Casey, 1884)
Stenus leviceps Casey, 1884
Stenus limatulus Benick, 1928
Stenus liupanshanus Tang & Li, 2013 [ 6]
Stenus luctuosus Casey, 1884
Stenus luculentus Casey, 1884
Stenus lugens Casey, 1884
Stenus lutzi Notman, 1920
Stenus maritimus Motschulsky, 1845
Stenus megalops (Casey, 1884)
Stenus mendax Casey, 1884
Stenus meridionalis (Casey, 1884)
Stenus militaris Casey, 1884
Stenus minor Casey, 1884
Stenus montanus Casey, 1884
Stenus monticola Casey, 1884
Stenus morio Gravenhorst, 1806
Stenus mundulus Casey, 1884
Stenus murphyanus Bernhauer, 1917
Stenus nanus Stephens, 1833
Stenus neglectus Casey, 1884
Stenus nimbosus Casey, 1884
Stenus nitescens (Casey, 1884)
Stenus noctivagus Casey, 1884
Stenus obstrusus Casey, 1884
Stenus occidentalis Casey, 1884
Stenus odius Blackwelder, 1943
Stenus pacificus Casey, 1884
Stenus palposus Zetterstedt, 1838
Stenus papagonis (Casey, 1884)
Stenus parallelus Casey, 1884
Stenus pauper Casey, 1884
Stenus pauperculus Casey, 1884
Stenus perexilis Notman, 1920
Stenus personatus Benick, 1928
Stenus pertinax (Casey, 1884)
Stenus pettiti Casey, 1884
Stenus pinguis (Casey, 1884)
Stenus placidus Casey, 1884
Stenus plicipennis (Casey, 1884)
Stenus pluto Casey, 1884
Stenus pollens (Casey, 1884)
Stenus pterobrachys Gemminger & Harold, 1868
Stenus pudicus Casey, 1884
Stenus pugetensis Casey, 1884
Stenus pumilio Erichson, 1839
Stenus punctatus Erichson, 1840
Stenus punctiger Casey, 1884
Stenus ranops Casey, 1884
Stenus renifer LeConte, 1863
Stenus retrusus (Casey, 1884)
Stenus rugifer Casey, 1884
Stenus sayi (Casey, 1884)
Stenus scabiosus Casey, 1884
Stenus schwarzi Casey, 1884
Stenus sculptilis Casey, 1884
Stenus sectator Casey, 1884
Stenus sectilifer Casey, 1884
Stenus semicolon LeConte, 1863
Stenus shoshonis Casey, 1884
Stenus similiatus Blatchley, 1910
Stenus simplex Casey, 1884
Stenus solutus Erichson 1840
Stenus sphaerops Casey, 1884
Stenus strangulatus Casey, 1884
Stenus stygicus Say, 1834
Stenus subtilis Casey, 1884
Stenus tacomae Casey, 1884
Stenus tahoensis Casey,1884
Stenus tarsalis Ljungh, 1804
Stenus tenuis Casey, 1884
Stenus terricola Casey, 1884
Stenus teter Notman, 1920
Stenus texanus Casey, 1884
Stenus torus Benick, 1925
Stenus trajectus (Casey, 1884)
Stenus tristis Casey, 1884
Stenus tuberculatus Casey, 1884
Stenus utenis Casey, 1884
Stenus vacuus Casey, 1884
Stenus venustus Casey, 1884
Stenus verticosus Casey, 1884
Stenus vespertinus Casey, 1884
Stenus vestalis Casey, 1884
Stenus vexatus Casey, 1884
Stenus vicinus Casey, 1884
Stenus villosus Casey, 1884
Stenus vinnulus Casey, 1884
Stenus vista Sanderson, 1946
Stenus zunicus Casey, 1884
References
^
"Stenus canaliculatus Gyllenhal, 1827" . Catalogue of Life . Retrieved 2024-08-01 .
^ Bellamy, C. L. (2010). "Genus Agrilus" . A Checklist of World Buprestoidea . Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 10 Jun 2011 .
^ Bauer, Thaumas; Pfeiffer, Martin (1991). " 'Shooting' springtails with a sticky rod: the flexible hunting behaviour of Stenus comma (Coleoptera; Staphylinidae) and the counter-strategies of its prey". Animal Behaviour . 41 (5): 819–828. doi :10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80349-5 .
^ Carolin, Lang; Seifert, Karlheinz; Dettner, Konrad (2012). "Skimming behaviour and spreading potential of Stenus species and Dianous coerulescens (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)". Naturwissenschaften . 99 (11): 937–47. doi :10.1007/s00114-012-0975-4 .
^ Bush, J. W. M.; David L. Hu (2006). "Walking on Water: Biolocomotion at the Interface" (PDF) . Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech . 38 (1): 339–369. doi :10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092157 . Archived from the original (PDF) on July 10, 2007.
^ a b Tang; Li (2013). "Discovery of Steninae from Ningxia, Northwest China (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)" . ZooKeys (272): 1–20. doi :10.3897/zookeys.272.4389 . PMC 3677394 . PMID 23794800 .