Stella Jang

Stella Jang
Stella Jang in April 2021
Born
Jang Seong-eun

(1991-11-18) November 18, 1991 (age 33)
Occupations
  • Singer
  • songwriter
Musical career
Genres
InstrumentVocals
Years active2014–present
LabelsSchnauzer Boulangerie [ko]
Korean name
Hangul
장성은
Hanja
張星銀[1]
Revised RomanizationJang Seongeun
McCune–ReischauerChang Sŏngŭn

Jang Seong-eun (Korean장성은; born November 18, 1991),[2] known professionally as Stella Jang (스텔라장), is a South Korean singer-songwriter.

Early life and education

Jang was born on November 18, 1991.[2] Her father was a missionary, and her mother worked for a welfare foundation for people with disabilities.[3] At the age of 12, Jang moved to Paris to study abroad, graduating from Lycée Henri-IV and AgroParisTech.[4][3]

Career

2014–2016: Debut and Colors EP

After contributing songwriting and vocals to the album Backpack by South Korean hip-hop duo Geeks,[5] Jang made her solo debut with the single "Dumped Yesterday" on September 19, 2014.[5] However, the song drew little public attention.[4]

On March 23, 2015, Stella released her second single, "It's Raining", featuring rapper Verbal Jint.[6] In an interview that July with BNT News, Jang said her music was influenced by the 90s sound and tried to reflect elements that would bring relatability with her audiences.[7] On September 15, she released her third single, "Portrait of You", a song about her parents.[8]

Jang released her first EP, Colors, on October 6, 2016.[9] The album was described as "emotional music mixed with rhythmical raps".[10] It entered and peaked on the Circle Album Chart at number 89.[11]

2017–2019: Problematic Men, EPs, and TikTok success

Jang attracted the public's interest in May 2017 after an appearance on the South Korean TV show Problematic Men.[4] She debuted as a radio DJ for Gyeonggi Broadcasting on April 22.[12] On April 30, she released a digital EP, Vanishing Paycheck, featuring a single of the same name, which criticizes the reality of office workers.[13] In June, she performed her first solo concert 떡떡 (Knock Knock) at Hyundai Card Understage in Seoul.[14]

On January 23, 2018, Jang released the EP Staples, a collaboration with producer Pleyne, which features a hip hop and R&B sound.[15]

Jang found success on South Korea's real-time music charts with the release of the single "No Question", a collaboration with rapper Mad Clown, on January 18, 2019.[16] On March 24, she released the EP Hazardous Materials, an album that uses fine dust as a metaphor for harsh realities.[17] Starting in late 2019, Jang's song "Colors", from her 2016 EP of the same name, began to gain popularity, both in South Korea and globally, after the song went viral on TikTok.[18]

2020–present: STELLA I and Stairs

In 2020, Stella released her first studio album, STELLA I.[19]

Stella Jang co-wrote the song "Friends" by BTS for Map of the Soul: 7.[20]

In 2021, she released her fifth EP Stairs.[21]

In 2023, she released her single "Orange, You're Not a Joke to Me!" On November 1, 2023, she announced that she would be leaving Grandline Entertainment and that she would be running her own label company Schnauzer Boulangerie.[22][23]

In 2024, she released her single "I Can Do This Everyday."

Personal life

Stella Jang is fluent in Korean, French, Spanish, and English .[24][25] In 2021, she revealed she had an episode of rhabdomyolysis.[26]

Discography

Studio albums

Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales
KOR
[27]
STELLA I[19]
  • Released: April 7, 2020
  • Label: GRDL
  • Formats: CD, digital download
Track listing
  1. "Go Your Way"
  2. "Bourgeois Emotion"
  3. "Forever"
  4. "My Ceiling Disappeared"
  5. "Villain"
  6. "Reality Blue"
  7. "You Don't Shine Anymore (Interlude)"
  8. "Choose You"
  9. "Good Job"
  10. "In Other Words"
  11. "Forgive, Forget"
  12. "Storing Nights"
23

Extended plays

Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales
KOR
[27]
Colors[29]
  • Released: October 6, 2016
  • Label: GRDL
  • Formats: CD, digital download
Track listing
  1. "Colors"
  2. "Girl's Generation"
  3. "Chicken Ribs"
  4. "Dumped Yesterday"
  5. "Transfer"
  6. "It's Raining" (featuring Verbal Jint)
  7. "Portrait of You"
  8. "Girl's Generation (Instrumental)"
  9. "Chicken Ribs (Instrumental)"
  10. "Transfer (Instrumental)"
89
Vanishing Paycheck (월급은 통장을 스칠 뿐)
  • Released: April 30, 2017
  • Label: GRDL
  • Formats: Digital download
Track listing
  1. "A Case of The Mondays"
  2. "Vanishing Paycheck"
  3. "Day Off"
  4. "Departure"
Staples (with Pleyn)
  • Released: January 22, 2018
  • Label: GRDL
  • Formats: CD, digital download
Track listing
  1. "Voyager"
  2. "Monsieur"
  3. "Pyeonggyang Naengmyeon"
  4. "Swing"
96
Hazardous Materials (유해물질)
  • Released: March 24, 2019
  • Label: GRDL
  • Formats: CD, digital download
Track listing
  1. "Substances Dangereuses"
  2. "CO"
  3. "Fine Dust"
  4. "Alcoholman"
  5. "Under Caffeine"
  6. "How Could A Person Always Be Lovely"
53
Stairs[21]
  • Released: October 15, 2021
  • Label: GLG
  • Formats: CD, digital download
Track listing
  1. "Stairs"
  2. "Walking Down The Road"
  3. "Some Days"
  4. "Let's Go Home"
  5. "L'Amour, Les Baguettes, Paris"
72
WinterStella
  • Released: December 1, 2022
  • Label: GLG
  • Formats: CD, digital download
Track listing
  1. "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!"
  2. "Winter Dream"
  3. "Winter Wonderland"
  4. "The Christmas Song"
  5. "Silver Bells"
"—" denotes release did not chart.

Singles

Title Year Peak chart positions Album
KOR
[30]
"Dumped Yesterday" (어제 차이고)[31] 2014 Non-album single
"It's Raining" (feat. Verbal Jint) 2015 Colors
"Portrait of You" (뒷모습)
"Transfer" (환승입니다) 2016
"Girl's Generation" (소녀시대)
"Vanishing Paycheck" (월급은 통장을 스칠 뿐) 2017 Vanishing Paycheck
"Alright" Non-album singles
"You As You Are" (그대는 그대로)
"Cheerleader" (치어리더) (feat. Olltii) Non-album single
"Voyager" (with Pleyn) 2018 Staples
"I Go" (아이고) Non-album single
"Under Caffeine" (카페인) Hazardous Materials
"Your Heart My Heart" (니맘내맘) Non-album singles
"It's Beautiful (Digging Club Seoul Ver.)" (아름다워)
"No Question" (with Mad Clown) 2019 47
"Fine Dust" (미세먼지) Hazardous Materials
"YOLO" Non-album singles
"Dear My"
"Vacance in September" (9월의 바캉스) (with Kim Jae-hwan) 98
"Miracle" (보통날의 기적) (feat. Paul Kim)
"Recipe" (레시피) 2020
"Villain" (빌런) STELLA I
"Reality Blue"
"Beautiful Mint Life" (인생 봄날) (with Lee Min-hyuk) Non-album singles
"My Sun" (나의 태양)
"Happy Christmas" (with Rocoberry)
"Window Shopping"
"Blue Turns Pink" 2021
"31" (with Cheeze)[32]
"Let's Go Home" (집에 가자) Stairs
"My Winter Trip" (나의 겨울 여행) Non-album singles
"KeeB Going" 2022
"Winter Dream" Winter Stella
"Where sorrow has passed" (슬픔이 지나간 자리) Non-album singles
"Orange, You're Not a Joke to Me!" 2023
"I Can Do This Everyday" 2024
"—" denotes release did not chart.

Soundtrack appearances

Title Year Album
"Let Me Love You" (나만 아는 엔딩) 2017 Temperature of Love OST
"Do You Know Me" (날 알아줄까) I'm Not a Robot OST
"Youth These Days" (요즘 청춘) 2018 A Poem a Day OST
"White Rain" (하얀비) (with Hangzoo) Partners for Justice OST
"Only You" (그대만 보여) The Third Charm OST
"I Want to Know You" (널 알고 싶어) Twelve Nights OST
"Swing Baby" I Picked Up a Celebrity on the Street OST
"Love Story" My Strange Hero OST
"Magic" (with Davink) 2019 Spring Turns to Spring OST
"Sunny Day" The Secret Life of My Secretary OST
"The Best Ending" (아무도 모르는 엔딩) Best Ending OST
"Dear My" At Eighteen OST
"Fishbowl" (어항) Miss Lee OST
"Right Time and Right Place" 2020 Chocolate OST
"Connection" (연결) 2022 Sing in the Green OST
"Love is a Miracle" (Love is 기적) (with Yerin)
"Sing in the Green" (with Yoon Sang, Yun DDan DDan, Yerin, Adora)
"Enjoy This Moment" (지금을 사랑해) Cheer Up OST
"Present" (선물) 2023 The Kidnapping Day OST

As songwriter for other artists

Artist Year Song Album
BTS 2020 "Friends"[33] Map of the Soul: 7
Tomorrow x Together 2021 "Ice Cream"[34] The Chaos Chapter: Freeze
2023 "Tinnitus (Wanna Be a Rock)"[35] The Name Chapter: Temptation
"Farewell, Neverland"[35]
2024 "I'll See You There Tomorrow"[36] Minisode 3: Tomorrow

She also worked on the vocal arrangement of LE SSERAFIM's EP Fearless.[37]

Filmography

Television

Year Title Role Ref.
2018–2019 Grandma's Restaurant in Samcheong-dong Cast member [38]

Web shows

Year Title Role Ref.
2022 Sing in the Green Cast Member [39]

References

  1. ^ "【ステラ・チャン】今月の才女の作り方【Recipe】". Kpop Watchmen (in Japanese). March 7, 2020. Archived from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  2. ^ a b 스텔라장, 도도한 표정으로 한컷 "인생은 가치 우선순위 변동의 연속이다" [Stella Jang, with a proud look on her face, "Life is a series of changes in priorities"]. Top Star News (in Korean). May 9, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
  3. ^ a b [직격人터뷰①] '문남' 스텔라장 "금수저설은 오해, 전현무에 감사" [[Direct Person Interview ①] Stella Jang on 'Problematic Men', "The golden man's theory is a misunderstanding, I am grateful to Jun Hyun-moo"]. News1 (in Korean). March 27, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
  4. ^ a b c Yoon, Sang-geun (May 18, 2017). "[★FULL인터뷰]'佛유학파' 스텔라장 "음악은 내 탈출구였죠"" [[★FULL Interview] Stella Jang, 'French Confucianist School' "Music was my escape"]. Star News. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  5. ^ a b '리얼 엄친딸' 스텔라장, 작사-작곡한 '어제 차이고' 발매 ['Real Mother's Daughter' Stella Jang, released 'Yesterday's Difference', written and composed]. TV Report. September 19, 2014. Archived from the original on May 31, 2022. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  6. ^ 스텔라장, 신곡 'It's Raining' 발표…버벌진트 랩피처링 참여 [Stella Jang releases new song 'It's Raining'... Verbal Jint rap featuring]. BNT News. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  7. ^ [릴레이 인터뷰] 여성 힙합 뮤지션⑥┃스텔라장, 정답을 찾는다면 [[Relay Interview] Female hip-hop musician⑥┃Stella Jang, if you find the answer]. BNT News. July 3, 2015. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  8. ^ 스텔라장, 부모님께 드리는 작은 선물…신곡 '뒷모습' 발표 [Stella Jang, a small gift for parents... Released new song 'Back View']. BNT News. September 15, 2015. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  9. ^ '음색여신' 스텔라장, 오늘 데뷔앨범 'Colors' 발표 ['Voice Goddess' Stella Jang releases her debut album 'Colors' today]. OSEN [ko]. October 5, 2016. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  10. ^ [비포선라이즈] 힙합과 감성음악의 달콤쌉쌀한 만남, 다채로운 무지개 빛깔의 뮤지션 '스텔라장' [[Before Sunrise] A bittersweet encounter between hip-hop and emotional music, colorful iridescent musician 'Stella Jang']. Munhwa News (in Korean). October 15, 2016. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  11. ^ "Album Chart, 2016 Weeks 41". Circle Chart (in Korean). Archived from the original on October 24, 2022. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
  12. ^ 스텔라장 DJ 도전, 경기방송 심야 시간 책임진다 [Stella Jang DJ Challenge, Responsible for Late Night Time on Game Broadcasting]. tvdaily.asiae.
  13. ^ [정오의신곡] "월급은 통장을 스칠 뿐"..스텔라장, '엄친딸'이 들려주는 현실저격송 [[New Song at Noon] "Salary just brushes the bankbook"... Stella Jang, a real-life sniper song told by 'Mom's daughter']. OSEN [ko]. April 30, 2017. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  14. ^ '글로벌 뇌섹녀' 스텔라장, 첫 단독콘서트 '똑똑' 개최 ['Global brain sexy' Stella Jang holds her first solo concert 'Smart']. Star News. May 25, 2017. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  15. ^ 스텔라장, 프로젝트 앨범 'staples' 발매..독보적 감성 [Stella Jang, released the project album 'staples'... Unrivaled sensibility]. Sports Chosun. January 24, 2018. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  16. ^ 앨범소개가 "ㅁㅎ?" "ㅇㅎ" "ㅂㅃ?" "ㅇㅇ..."인 가수[Oh!뮤직] [The album introduction is "ㅁㅎ?" "ㅇㅎ" "ㅂㅃ?" "ㅇㅇ…" [Oh! Music]]. OSEN [ko] (in Korean). January 19, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
  17. ^ 스텔라장, 24일 새 EP앨범 '유해물질' 발표+30일 단독콘서트 [Stella Jang releases new EP album 'Hazardous Substances' on the 24th + solo concert on the 30th]. OSEN [ko]. March 22, 2019. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  18. ^ 제시카 알바도 올라탄, 스텔라장 '컬러스' 글로벌 역주행 [Jessica Alba also rode on, Stella Jang's 'Colors' global reverse run]. The Chosun Ilbo. March 28, 2020. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  19. ^ a b [지금 뭐 들으세요] 스텔라장·(여자)아이들·타루 '5월의 플레이리스트' [[What are you listening to right now] Stella Jang · (G)I-DLE · Taru 'Playlist for May']. Ten Asia (in Korean). May 1, 2020. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  20. ^ "'Stella Jang on her growth as singer-songwriter, co-writing BTS' 'Friends'". The Korea Herald. November 17, 2021. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  21. ^ a b 스텔라장, 소품집 '스테어즈' 발매 [Stella Jang, EP 'Stairs' released]. Edaily [ko] (in Korean). October 15, 2021. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  22. ^ 안녕하세요, 스텔라장입니다!. www.instagram.com. November 1, 2023. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
  23. ^ 가수 스텔라장, '컬투쇼' 출연 "최근 회사 '슈나우저 블랑주리' 설립 '슈나우저'는 내 흰머리에서 영감" + "만든 노래 중 이번 신곡 가장 좋아…신곡 버프일 수도" [Singer Stella Jang appears on 'Cultwo Show' "Recently founded the company 'Schnauzer Boulangerie' 'Schnauzer' was inspired by my gray hair" + "I like this new song the best among the songs I've made… "It could be a new song buff."]. News Meter. May 13, 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-03.
  24. ^ "Stella Jang talks about her new album 'Hazardous Materials'". The Korea Times. November 17, 2021. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  25. ^ "(Interview Yonhap) Stella Jang : "Mes chansons sont le journal de ma vie"". Agence de presse Yonhap (in French). July 3, 2020. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
  26. ^ 스텔라장, 희귀병 투병 고백…"횡문근융해증, 억울하다" [Stella Jang confesses to fighting a rare disease... "Rhabdomyolysis, it's unfair"]. Dong-A. May 15, 2021. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  27. ^ a b Circle Album Chart positions:
  28. ^ "Album Chart, 2020.04 Month". Circle Chart (in Korean). Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
  29. ^ [뮤직&톡]스텔라장, 범상치 않은 감성 싱송라의 등장 [[Music&Talk] Stella Jang, the emergence of an unusually emotional singer-songwriter]. News1 (in Korean). October 22, 2016. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  30. ^ Circle Digital Chart positions:
  31. ^ 스텔라장, 본인 순수 창작곡 '어제 차이고'로 가요계 데뷔 [Stella Jang debuts in the music industry with her original song 'Dumped Yesterday']. Sports World (in Korean). September 19, 2014. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  32. ^ 치즈-스텔라장, 합작 싱글 '31' 발매…'또래·자신과의 대화' [Cheese-Stella Jang, joint single '31' released... 'Conversation with peers and self']. newscape. July 13, 2021. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  33. ^ "Stella Jang Credits". All music. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
  34. ^ "TXT discography". ibighit. Archived from the original on December 27, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
  35. ^ a b "TXT discography". ibighit. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
  36. ^ "TXT discography". ibighit. March 26, 2024. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
  37. ^ "Stella Jang Credits". Allmusic. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
  38. ^ Park, Jin-hai (November 21, 2018). "Show features expat grannies' home meals". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
  39. ^ Choi Yun-na (July 22, 2022). 윤상X예린X스텔라장X윤딴딴X아도라, '싱인더그린' 출연 확정[공식] [Yoon Sang X Yerin X Stella Jang X Yoon Dan Dan X Adora Confirmed to Appear in 'Sing in the Green' [Official]] (in Korean). Sports Donga. Archived from the original on July 22, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2022 – via Naver.

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Kure redirects here. For the Hawaiian atoll, see Kure Atoll. Core city in Chūgoku, JapanKure 呉市Core city JMSDF Kure District HQJMSDF Kure MuseumYamato MuseumJMU Kure shipyardIrifuneyama MuseumOndō Bridge & Ondo-no-seto FlagSealLocation of Kure in Hiroshima PrefectureKureLocation in JapanCoordinates: 34°14′57″N 132°33′57″E / 34.24917°N 132.56583°E / 34.24917; 132.56583CountryJapanRegionChūgoku (Sanyō)PrefectureHiroshimaGovernment • Ma...

Overview of and topical guide to Lebanon The Flag of LebanonThe Coat of arms of Lebanon The location of Lebanon An enlargeable relief map of the Lebanese Republic The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Lebanon: Lebanon – sovereign country located along the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea in Southwest Asia and the Middle East.[1] Lebanon, due to its tense sectarian diversity, has a unique political system, known as confessionalism, in which...

 

 

Копыто Имеется у таксона копытные Противоположно лапа  Медиафайлы на Викискладе Разрез лошадиного копыта Копы́то — твёрдое роговое образование вокруг дистальных пальцевых фаланг копытных млекопитающих. Для парнокопытных принят термин копытце[1]. В анатомич...

 

 

Japanese domestic market for vehicles See also: Automotive industry in Japan This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Japanese domestic market – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Fender mirror of Toyota Celsior (UCF20 JDM) Japanese d...

この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。(このテンプレートの使い方)出典検索?: コルク – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL(2017年4月) コルクを打ち抜いて作った瓶の栓 コルク(木栓、...

 

 

Pour des articles plus généraux, voir Chronologie des États-Unis et 1806. Éphémérides Chronologie des États-Unis 1803 1804 1805  1806  1807 1808 1809Décennies aux États-Unis :1770 1780 1790  1800  1810 1820 1830 Chronologie dans le monde 1803 1804 1805  1806  1807 1808 1809Décennies :1770 1780 1790  1800  1810 1820 1830Siècles :XVIIe XVIIIe  XIXe  XXe XXIeMillénaires :-Ier Ier  IIe  IIIe Chronologies ...

 

 

Pierre Charles L'Enfant Pierre Charles L'Enfant (Anet, 2 agosto 1754 – Contea di Prince George, 14 giugno 1825) è stato un architetto e urbanista francese naturalizzato statunitense. Indice 1 Infanzia e formazione 2 Servizio militare 3 Attività di architetto e urbanista 4 Riconoscimenti postumi 5 Note 6 Bibliografia 7 Altri progetti 8 Collegamenti esterni Infanzia e formazione Pierre Charles L'Enfant nacque a Anet, terzo figlio di Marie Charlotte L'Enfant, figlia di un ufficiale di marina...

EIKEHistoireFondation 2007CadreType Groupe de pression, société sans but lucratifForme juridique Association enregistrée de droit allemandDomaine d'activité Déni du réchauffement climatiqueSiège IénaPays  AllemagneOrganisationFondateur Holger Thuß (d)Site web www.eike-klima-energie.eumodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata L'Europäisches Institut für Klima und Energie (EIKE), fondé en 2007, est une association allemande qui conteste la réalité du réchauffement clim...

 

 

هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (أبريل 2023) جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولالإسلام حسب البلد الإسلام في إفريقيا أنغولا بنين بوتسوا...

 

 

Cet article possède un paronyme, voir Épernay. Cet article est une ébauche concernant une commune d’Indre-et-Loire. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?). Le bandeau {{ébauche}} peut être enlevé et l’article évalué comme étant au stade « Bon début » quand il comporte assez de renseignements encyclopédiques concernant la commune. Si vous avez un doute, l’atelier de lecture du projet Communes de France est à votre disposition p...

「いおう」はこの項目へ転送されています。たかみ型掃海艇の2番艇については「いおう (掃海艇)」をご覧ください。 この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。(このテンプレートの使い方)出典検索?: 硫黄 – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE...

 

 

Questa voce o sezione sugli argomenti stati scomparsi e storia della Francia non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Questa voce sugli argomenti stati scomparsi e storia della Francia è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del ...