Star Wars games have gone through three significant development eras: early licensed games (1979–1993), games developed after the creation of LucasArts (1993–2013), and games created after the closure of LucasArts (2014–present), which are currently licensed to Electronic Arts, and include an EA Star Wars logo.
The first Star Wars games were developed by a variety of companies after Star Wars creator George Lucas licensed the rights to Star Wars video games; several of these games were released under the “Lucasfilm Games” banner. Early licensed games, released during the 8-bit and 16-bit eras of gaming, barely featured any kind of narrative, and many were action titles that either retold the stories of the original trilogy (1977–1983) or focused on a single scene of a film.
Later on, Lucas took interest in the increasing success of the video game market, and decided to create his own video game development company, LucasArts, so he could have more creative control over the games and their narratives. During this era, graphics evolved enough for games to be able to tell complex narratives, leading to games that featured more advanced retellings of the stories of the films, with voice-overs and CGI cut scenes, as well as original titles with new narratives that were set in the same continuity as the films. After The Walt Disney Company's purchase of Lucasfilm in 2012 and the closure of LucasArts the following year, the games developed during the first two eras were discarded from the canon in 2014 and reassigned to the non-canonical Star Wars Legends label.
Following LucasArts' closure, the rights to produce Star Wars video games were reassigned solely to Electronic Arts. Games published during this era are considered canonical to the franchise, and have featured more influence from the Lucasfilm Story Group, responsible for managing aspects of Star Wars canon. The EA Star Wars license had been set to expire in 2023, but in 2021, Lucasarts announced new partnerships for others to produce Star Wars and other Lucasfilm games alongside Electronic Arts.
Although many hobbyists and independent game developers have created freeware games based on the Star Wars movie series and brand, this page lists only the games that have been developed or published by LucasArts, or officially licensed by Lucasfilm.
As of 2020, there have been over 90 million copies of Star Wars games sold.[2]
In 1978, Apple Computer produced an unlicensed Star Wars game on cassette tape for its Apple II. As a "space pilot trainee", the player destroys TIE fighters using a first-person heads-up display.[3][4] The first video game cartridge bearing the name Star Wars appeared that year on the RCA Studio II clones Sheen M1200 and Mustang Telespiel Computer.[5]
The Star Wars Electronic Battle Command electronic game
The first official licensed Star Wars electronic game was Kenner's 1979 table-top Star Wars Electronic Battle Command.[6] The game had three levels of play (basic, intermediate, and advanced). Players took turns examining star systems with the aim of avoiding black holes, locating enemies, and searching for MAGNA, "the FORCE-giving star". The game was billed as "the most exciting computer game you will ever play".[7]
The original trilogy
Licensed releases for the Atari 2600 began with The Empire Strikes Back (1982) in which the player piloted a snowspeeder during the Battle of Hoth, destroying AT-AT walkers. Several other games appeared, such as Return of the Jedi: Death Star Battle (1983), where the player controlled the Millennium Falcon in a mission to destroy the second Death Star, and Jedi Arena (1983), the first game to attempt to simulate a lightsaber battle (in this case, clearly inspired by the Star Wars scene, where Luke Skywalker trains with a seeker). In 1983, the Star Wars arcade game was released by Atari based on the 1977 film. In this game (featuring color vector graphics and the first ever digitized speech from a film) the player enters the seat of Luke's Red Five X-Wing fighter, battles waves of TIE fighters led by Darth Vader, weaves through towers across the surface of the Death Star, and plummets through the battle station's trench in an attempt to destroy it. The sequel for the game, The Empire Strikes Back, used the same technology to re-create scenes from the second film, including battles with AT-AT walkers and an asteroid field.
In 1987, UK software publisher Domark released several 8-bit versions of the Star Wars vector arcade game, followed by similar conversions in 1988 of The Empire Strikes Back machine. In 1987, Namco developed a Star Wars game for the Nintendo Family Computer (Famicom) for the Japanese market exclusively, based on the 1977 film, but with several liberties taken with its storyline.
In the early 1980s George Lucas decided to invest in videogames. So through Lucasfilm, Lucas started his own video game company, which he named LucasArts. However, since Lucas had already licensed the rights to develop Star Wars games, the company instead developed original adventure games and World War II flight combat games. LucasArts regained the rights to develop Star Wars games in 1993, at that point the videogame company put their previous experience in flight simulators to use, and released a Star Wars: X-Wing, the first self-published Star Wars video game and the first space flight simulation based on the franchise.[10]
After the release of Episode I in theaters in 1999, games from the prequel trilogy were released for most major platforms. The first releases were video game adaptation (action-adventure) and Star Wars Episode I: Racer, based on the podracing sequence in movie. Others, including Battle for Naboo and Jedi Power Battles, were released, but with little success. The first strategic game in the Star Wars expanded universe was titled Star Wars: Rebellion and broke new ground in that it incorporated ships and planets not found in the original canon, such as the Rebel Assault Frigate and the Bulwark Cruiser. But for all its ground-breaking new looks, it was not as successful as would have been hoped. The second strategic title, Star Wars: Force Commander was also released, but failed to keep up with other RTS games, since it was more focused on battling (with no resource gathering) and used a primitive 3D engine. About a decade later, resource gathering lost popularity in favor of faster-paced combat-centric RTS games.
Formerly known as Star Wars Expanded Universe, this continuity was renamed into Legends in 2014 and all media based on them, including video games, ceased to be canon. The X-Wing series marked the start of the Star Wars games moving away from remaking the official films and began to focus more on the Expanded Universe. Other titles were published or licensed by LucasArts, such as The Software Toolworks's Star Wars Chess who also used the first "multimedia explosion" to release Rebel Assault (1993), which used FMV and photos extensively.
The 1996 Nintendo 64 title Star Wars: Shadows of the Empire was part of a LucasArts attempt to create a story between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of Jedi, putting the player in control of mercenary Dash Rendar. Shadows of the Empire featured fan-favorite parts from the Super Star Wars line, such as another reenactment of the Battle of Hoth, piloting a snowspeeder and tying a cable around AT-ATs legs. After the original trilogy was re-released as the "Special Editions" in 1997, LucasArts published other titles, including Star Wars: Yoda Stories and Star Wars Monopoly, as well as a Star Wars-themed fighting game, Star Wars: Masters of Teräs Käsi.
The first step towards modern games was done with 1995's Dark Forces, the first Star Warsfirst-person shooter video game.[13] A hybrid adventure game incorporating puzzles and strategy,[14] it featured new gameplay features and graphical elements not then common in other games, made possible by LucasArts' custom-designed game engine, called the Jedi.[13][14][15][16][17][18] The game was well received and well reviewed,[19][20][21] the game put the player in the role of Kyle Katarn, who would later appear in multiple games, novels, and comics.[22] After the Special Edition original trilogy re-release in 1997, LucasArts published Star Wars Jedi Knight: Dark Forces II, then Star Wars Jedi Knight: Mysteries of the Sith released in 1999. In 2002, its sequel Jedi Outcast was released and gave players the first chance to experience advanced lightsaber duels, and it also detached itself from the usual idea of movie tie-ins. One year later, the last game in the Jedi Knight series, Jedi Academy was released. Katarn is a former Imperial stormtrooper who joins the Rebellion and ultimately becomes a Jedi,[13][23][24] a plot arc similar to that of Finn in the 2015 film The Force Awakens.[25]
Note: The co-op campaign of Star Wars Rogue Squadron III: Rebel Strike, is composed of all the missions of the single player campaign of the previous game, Rogue Leader (except for two missions which are not included), and such missions can only be played in multiplayer, and can not be played in single-player.[26] Additionally as a bonus, the game includes the Arcade games of Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Back, and Return of the Jedi.[27]
Expansion(s): Rise of the Hutt Cartel (2013), Galactic Starfighter (2014), Galactic Strongholds (2014), Shadow of Revan (2014), Knights of the Fallen Empire (2015), Knights of the Eternal Throne (2016), Onslaught (2019) and Legacy of the Sith (2021)
A third Star Wars: Battlefront title was planned for 2006 but was cancelled. Two spin-offs were released, Star Wars Battlefront: Renegade Squadron, released in 2007 for the PlayStation Portable and Star Wars Battlefront: Elite Squadron on November 3, 2009 for the Nintendo DS and the PlayStation Portable. Elite Squadron is the first Battlefront game to offer a transition from space to ground battles at the players choice. After Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm and the restructuring of the Star Wars canon, the Battlefront series was rebooted by EA DICE.
Star Wars: The Force Unleashed, released for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Wii, uses a new, detailed graphics engine. The Wii version utilizes the motion sensing and accelerometer capabilities of the Wii Remote (simulating the ability to swing a lightsaber) and its Nunchuk attachment (used to perform Force powers). Its sequel, Star Wars: The Force Unleashed II, was released in the United States on October 26, 2010.
The following is a list of Star Wars titles that are handheld and mobile games. Additional handheld and mobile games are listed above. Unless otherwise mentioned, these games are also released for mobile phones.
The following games are more of Star Wars themed, rather than actually influencing the franchise's fictional plot, they are classified together because of sharing the same genre, rather than officially being part of the same series. Excluded are the games listed above.
Spin-off : trading card game : Star Wars Galaxies: Trading Card Games - Champions of the Force (2008, PC),
Compilations: Star Wars Galaxies: Starter Kit (2005), Star Wars Galaxies: The Total Experience (2005), and Star Wars Galaxies: The Complete Online Adventures (2006)
The first MMORPG, titled Star Wars Galaxies: An Empire Divided, was also released in 2003 and was subsequently followed in 2004 by its first expansion Jump to Lightspeed. Two more games, Star Wars Galaxies: Episode III Rage of the Wookiees (its second expansion, which ties in with the concurrently-released Revenge of the Sith), and after the films, more Star Wars titles continued to be developed and released. Empire at War (an RTS), was released in early 2006. While released and being active for years, Star Wars Galaxies' servers shut down on December 15, 2011. Notwithstanding the game's closure, there are several private emulator projects in various stages of development that intend to allow users to experience Star Wars Galaxies in different incarnations of the game's existence. However, since the game can no longer be played the way it was originally meant, the game is considered to be cancelled.[44]
Closure of LucasArts and cancelled stand-alone-games
At E3 2012, EA with LucasArts announced Star Wars 1313, which focuses more on the life of a bounty hunter as he descends to the level 1313 on Coruscant to unravel a criminal plot. The game focuses more on gunplay and bounty hunter gameplay rather than the Force users and lightsabers combat. It was set to release in Fall 2013 for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and Windows. 1313 has subsequently been cancelled by LucasArts following its purchase by Disney. The following are the stand-alone Star Wars videogames that were canceled, the canceled titles that were part of a series are listed along its respective series.
Star Wars: Battle of the Sith Lords (Action-adventure)
Star Wars: Rivals (2018) (Third-person shooter)[46]
With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, it was announced that LucasArts' development arm would stop making video games indefinitely. In addition to this, various online browser games have shut down their servers, and can no longer be played.
Electronic Arts gains the Star Wars license, and the restructuring of the Star Wars canon (2013–2024)
After LucasArts was shut down, on May 6, 2013, Disney and Lucasfilm revealed a partnership with Electronic Arts (EA) that granted EA exclusive rights to produce Star Wars games for consoles and PC for a decade, with Disney retaining the freedom to handle the games for mobile platforms, such as smartphones, tablets, and browsers. On October 14, 2014, EA released its first Star Wars video game under the Disney brand, and their deal expired on October 14, 2024, where Electronic Arts had left the franchise on the designated date.
On April 24, 2014, most of the previous licensed Star Wars video games, novels, and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise.[47][48][49]
Among the EA subsidiaries responsible for creating the Star Wars games within the deal, were the developers DICE, BioWare, Visceral Games, and Respawn Entertainment. After the canon restructuring, EA announced their new games would fall under the restructured canon. As of the release of Star Wars Jedi: Survivor, all EA-produced Star Wars games are considered canonical, although only the ones with an actual "story mode" narrative.
Following the massive player reception of Star Wars Battlefront II and the success of Star Wars: Jedi Fallen Order, EA CEO Andrew Wilson said that they are doubling down on the Star Wars games, meaning that a possible revival for the Battlefront series or more video games that have yet to be reported in development.[50]
In January 2021, it announced that Electronic Arts will no longer hold the exclusive rights to make Star Wars games. Though the license will be shipped off to other developers and publishers, Electronic Arts has some games in development for the near future.
The lower-than-expected sales and mixed fan reception towards Electronic Arts' handling of the Battlefront sub-franchise had led to rumors of Lucasfilm considering changing the terms of the license, which expired on October 14, 2024, where Disney had confirmed that it would not renew their contract with EA. Lucasfilm was rumored to be courting either Ubisoft or Activision to either replace EA or share rights to develop Star Wars games with them.[51]
After the restructuring of the Star Wars canon, the Battlefront series formerly developed by Pandemic was rebooted by EA DICE. The first game was released in 2015, rushed into the market to tie in with the release of The Force Awakens. As a result of the shorter development time, developer EA DICE decided to take a significant departure from all previous installments of the franchise and focus the game entirely on online multiplayer, completely axing the inclusion of a single player campaign or any sort of narrative; the move was heavily criticized by fans, including Finn actor John Boyega.[52] Only original trilogy characters (Luke Skywalker, Princess Leia, Han Solo, Boba Fett, Darth Vader and Emperor Palpatine) and planets (Tatooine, Hoth and Endor) were playable on launch. Downloadable content later added the planets Jakku (from The Force Awakens), Bespin (from The Empire Strikes Back), Scarif (from Rogue One), in addition to the Death Star battle station (from A New Hope), and heroes Nien Numb, Greedo (Outer Rim), Lando Calrissian, Dengar (Bespin), Chewbacca, Bossk (Death Star), and Jyn Erso and Director Krennic (Rogue One: Scarif). The first Battlefront also received a PlayStation VR add-on mission, the Rogue One X-Wing VR Mission.
The second Battlefront is the first in the series to be considered part of the Star Wars canon. It addresses a major criticism of the previous game by including a singleplayer campaign with a story mode set between the ending of Return of the Jedi and the beginning of The Force Awakens, in which the player controls an Imperial special forces commander named Iden Versio; additionally, characters from the films, including Luke Skywalker, Leia Organa, Han Solo, Lando Calrissian and Kylo Ren are playable. The multiplayer mode features characters from the original, prequel, and sequel trilogies, as well as anthology films. Future content was originally going to be distributed in a "season" system, though this was changed to monthly updates.[53]
Star Wars: Squadrons is an action video game developed by Motive Studios. It was revealed on June 15, 2020,[58][59][60] and was released on October 2, 2020, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, with a singleplayer campaign and multiplayer modes,[61] alongside cross-platform play between all three platforms and virtual reality support for the PS4 and PC versions.[62]
Prior to its closure in 2017, Visceral Games was working on an untitled game set in the time between Return of the Jedi and The Force Awakens. Amy Hennig, former Naughty Dog writer and director who oversaw the Uncharted series, joined Visceral as creative lead on the project codenamed Ragtag.[63] On October 17, 2017, EA announced the closure of Visceral Games.[64] EA reassigned the game to its EA Worldwide Studios, led by EA Vancouver, and said they will revamp the gameplay, which had been described as a linear, story-heavy title, into "a broader experience that allows for more variety and player agency".[65] On 15 January 2019, Kotaku's Jason Schreier reported that the game codenamed "Project Ragtag" had been canceled according to three people familiar with goings-on at EA.[66]Rogue One writer Gary Whitta openly criticized Electronic Arts for the cancelation, adding that he hoped Disney would hand the Star Wars licence to other companies.[67]
Star Wars: Galactic Defense - Android, iOS (2014). Spans both the prequel and original trilogies.
Star Wars: Galaxy of Heroes - Android, iOS (2015). As of November 2019, the game covers the prequel, original and sequel eras, and the Expanded Universe; most of the EU content originates from the Knights of the Old Republic series of games.
Non-exclusivity of Star Wars titles (2021–present)
In January 2021, Lucasfilm revived the Lucasfilm Games label as the licensing brand for all IP from the Lucasfilm production. This included a new Indiana Jones game to be produced by MachineGames, as well as a new open world Star Wars game to be produced by Ubisoft and Massive Entertainment, the first major non-EA Star Wars game. Lucasfilm did not speak to the state of EA's prior exclusive license to develop Star Wars games but affirmed EA would still be making such games, but stated that they "feel like there's room for others".[74]
In February 2021, a free-to-play competitive arena combat game developed by Zynga called Star Wars: Hunters was announced. The game will be released for the Nintendo Switch and on the Apple and Google Play appstores.[75]
On December 9, 2021, during the Game Awards event, a new Star Wars game called Star Wars Eclipse was announced, set in the High Republic Era, and is being developed by Quantic Dream.[76]
On January 25, 2022, EA announced that Respawn had three Star Wars titles in development: A sequel to Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order, a first-person shooter, and a strategy game with new studio Bit Reactor.[77] The first-person shooter game was subsequently cancelled.[78]
Star Wars crossover-based video game franchises developed by other companies
In some cases Lucasfilm has allowed other videogames franchises to do their own Star Wars games, resulting in crossover hybrid franchises, that are developed by other studios.
Star Wars: The Mandalorian by Stern Pinball (2021)
Virtual pinball
Zen Studios developed nineteen virtual pinball tables based on the Star Wars franchise, with none of them being imitations of previously released Star Wars physical pinball tables. All of them are released as downloadable content add-ons for the sequels to Pinball FX and Zen Pinball. A compilation of all 19 tables, titled Star Wars Pinball, is also available on iOS, Android and Nintendo Switch. The mobile versions of Star Wars Pinball, are paid apps whose price unlocks one particular table and all other tables are unlocked via in-app purchases, while the Switch version, released in 2019 as both a retail and digital title, includes immediate access to all tables, plus additional features. An Amazon Luna port of Star Wars Pinball has also been announced as a launch title.
Star Wars Pinball (2013) Windows, Mac, Wii U, Xbox 360, 3DS, PSVita, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Kindle Fire, Android, iOS
A twentieth pinball table, based on the first season of The Mandalorian, was announced to be in development in late October 2020 and due for a spring 2021 release, along with a 21st table based on toy Star Wars action figures, titled Star Wars: Classic Collection. Plans to include the two tables in Pinball FX 3 were scrapped in favor of adding them to a new Star Wars Pinball VR game released on April 29, 2021, running on Unreal Engine 5 after Zen Studios announced a partnership with Epic Games to use such engine for new pinball titles, including their upcoming Pinball FX reboot later in that year.
Lego has licensed videogames based on their Lego Star Wars toys, as part of their Lego video games franchise. Due to the technical limitations of handhelds, the handheld versions always result in an entirely different game telling the same story as the console version. However, the PlayStation handheld versions tend to imitate more closely the console versions albeit with some reduced areas and features.
The third installment of the Disney Infinity series included Star Wars characters for the first time as playable characters, alongside characters from other franchises owned by Disney, including characters from the Marvel and Pixar films.
Disney Infinity 3.0 (2015): Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Wii U, iOS, Android
Guest appearances of Star Wars characters in other video game franchises
This category refers to video games from other franchises where the inclusion of Star Wars characters is very minor and restricted only to small easter eggs or an unlockable character cameo.
Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4 (2002), Activision – Skateboarding game featuring unlockable Jango Fett. (Nintendo GameCube, Xbox, PlayStation 2, PC)
Indiana Jones series:
Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings (2009), LucasArts – Action-adventure game featuring unlockable Han Solo. Wii, PlayStation 2, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable
Lego Indiana Jones series:
Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures (2008), LucasArts – Action-adventure game featuring unlockable Han Solo and cameos from other Star Wars characters. (Wii, Nintendo DS, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Windows)
Lego Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues (2009), LucasArts - Action-adventure game featuring cameos from Star Wars characters. (Wii, Nintendo DS, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Windows)
Minecraft (2009) - Various Star Wars DLC packs with Star Wars character skins released.[88][89][90][91] (PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Windows, Switch)
Fortnite (2017) - A cosmetic Stormtrooper outfit was added to Fortnite in 2019.[92]Din Djarin and Grogu from The Mandalorian also appeared as purchasable cosmetics in the 2020 chapter two, season five event, Zero Point. Djarin's Amban sniper rifle and his jetpack were included in the event as usable items.[93]
The Sims 4: Journey to Batuu (2020) - The ninth game pack for the life simulation video game The Sims 4, which is focused on adventures on the distant planet of Batuu. It was released on PC, Mac, Xbox One and PlayStation 4 on September 8, 2020.[94]
Single appearances
Night Shift (1990), Lucasfilm Games – Platform game featuring action figures of various Star Wars characters. Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, Mac, PC, Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum
Secret Weapons Over Normandy (2003), LucasArts – Flight simulation game featuring unlockable X-Wing and TIE Fighter. Xbox, PlayStation 2, PC
Soulcalibur IV (2008), Namco Bandai Games – Fighting game. At release featuring Darth Vader in the PlayStation 3 version, with Yoda in the Xbox 360 version, and Darth Vader's apprentice Galen Starkiller Marek in both versions. Months after the release, Darth Vader and Yoda were made available for purchase as downloadable content, each at the version they were absent at release. Each of the Star Wars characters had his own ending on the "Story Mode".[95][96][97] However, in late 2016, all of the DLC in Soulcalibur IV was removed from the PlayStation and Microsoft stores for unknown reasons. It was later revealed to be due to unexpected licensing legal problems caused by Disney's purchase of Star Wars. [citation needed]
Fan-made Star Wars games
Star Wars MUSH was an unlicensed text-based role-playing game active in the early 1990s.[98]
Galaxy in Turmoil
On January 25, 2016, Frontwire Studios began an attempt to produce an unofficial Battlefront installment called Galaxy in Turmoil. The fan made game was in production using Unreal Engine 4 and was based on the cancelled Star Wars: Battlefront III by Free Radical Design.[99][100] Although early versions of the game contained assets from Free Radical Design, they soon became "place holders" as the full game planned to be released using assets and music made from the ground up. On June 4, 2016, Galaxy in Turmoil gained a distribution deal through Valve and was planned to be released for free on Steam which generated a fair amount of attention.[101]
On June 22, 2016 Lucasfilm requested the production of Galaxy in Turmoil be halted.[102] On July 31, 2016, Frontwire Studios announced the cancellation of the game was due to the "possibility of Galaxy in Turmoil taking away attention from Electronic Arts' Battlefront franchise".[102] Proposals of Galaxy in Turmoil falling under the paywall of Electronic Arts, and ideas of Lucasfilm giving Frontwire Studios a Star Wars IP licence were both rejected due to an agreement between Electronic Arts and Lucasfilm.[102] Although Frontwire Studios may have fallen within Fair Use laws, legal conflict was avoided and the fan made Star Wars inspired project was canceled. There is a playable alpha that contains assets from Free Radical Design that was released to the public then removed early on within Galaxy in Turmoil's lifetime. Galaxy in Turmoil is now planned to be released as a brand new "cyber-punk" themed[103] IP without any Star Wars references, but still with Battlefront III-inspired mechanics including space-to-ground battles.[102]
^Staten, James (December 4, 1995). "Dark Forces". MacWEEK. Archived from the original on July 19, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2013. – via AccessMyLibrary (subscription required)
^Dankis, Sofia (November 16, 2020). "Star Wars Lands In Minecraft". Minecraft.net. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
^ abcdRomanelli, Tony (July 31, 2016). "The Future of Galaxy in Turmoil". frontwirestudios.com. Frontwire Studios. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
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Contea di CoryellconteaContea di Coryell – VedutaIl tribunale della contea di Coryell. LocalizzazioneStato Stati Uniti Stato federato Texas AmministrazioneCapoluogoGatesville Data di istituzione1854 TerritorioCoordinatedel capoluogo31°23′24″N 97°48′00″W / 31.39°N 97.8°W31.39; -97.8 (Contea di Coryell)Coordinate: 31°23′24″N 97°48′00″W / 31.39°N 97.8°W31.39; -97.8 (Contea di Coryell) Superficie2 737 km² Abitanti75...
Dub-LDub-L in 2011Background informationBirth nameMichael P. Delaney[1]BornNew York, NYGenresHip hop, trip hop, R&B, danceOccupation(s)Producer, songwriter, DJ, MC, filmmakerYears active1997–presentWebsiteDub-L.comMusical artist Michael P. Delaney, better known by his stage name Dub-L, is an American record producer, recording artist and filmmaker. Early life Delaney was born and raised in the East Village in New York City.[2][3] He began writing graffiti in 1991...
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Владимирская. Владимирская икона Божией Матери Дата появления Первая треть XII века Иконографический тип Елеуса Местонахождение Москва, храм Святителя Николая в Толмачах при Государственной Третьяковской галерее Дата...
Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento Cina non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Il Comitato centrale del Partito Comunista Cinese (中国共产党中央委员会S, Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng WěiyuánhuìP) è la più alta autorità del Partito Comunista Cinese all'interno delle ...
English spy and politician (c. 1532–1590) For the English Jesuit priest, see Francis Walsingham (priest). SirFrancis WalsinghamPortrait attributed to John de Critz, c. 1585Secretary of StateIn office1573–1590MonarchElizabeth I Personal detailsBornc. 1532[a]probably Chislehurst, Kent, EnglandDied6 April 1590 (aged c. 58)London, EnglandSpouses Anne Barne (m. 1562; died 1564) Ursula St Barbe (...
American banker (1938–2023) Angelo MoziloMozilo in 2002BornAngelo Robert Mozilo(1938-12-16)December 16, 1938New York City, U.S.DiedJuly 16, 2023(2023-07-16) (aged 84)Montecito, California, U.S.Alma materFordham UniversityMount Saint Michael AcademyOccupationBusiness executiveEmployerCountrywide FinancialSpouse Phyllis Ardese (m. 1961; died 2017)Children5 Angelo Robert Mozilo (December 16, 1938 – July 16, 2023) was an Italian Am...
Agricultural practice For other uses, see Fallow (disambiguation). A ploughed field left unsown Fallow is a farming technique in which arable land is left without sowing for one or more vegetative cycles. The goal of fallowing is to allow the land to recover and store organic matter while retaining moisture and disrupting pest life cycles and soil borne pathogens by temporarily removing their hosts. Crop rotation systems typically called for some of a farmer's fields to be left fallow each ye...
Public university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England University of SheffieldCoat of armsMottoLatin: Rerum cognoscere causasMotto in EnglishTo discover the causes of thingsTypePublic research universityEstablished1905 (1905) – University of SheffieldPredecessor institutions: 1828 (1828) – Sheffield Medical School1879 (1879) – Firth College1884 (1884) – Sheffield Technical School[1]1897 (1897) – University College of Sheffield[2]Endowm...
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