Souletin dialect

Souletin
Zuberoan
Zuberera
RegionSoule, France
Native speakers
(8,700 cited 1991)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3bsz (deprecated for eus in 2007)[2]
Glottologbasq1250
  Souletin

Souletin or Zuberoan (Basque: Zuberera) is the Basque dialect spoken in Soule, France. Souletin is marked by influences from Occitan (in particular the Béarnese dialect), especially in the lexicon. Another distinct characteristic is the use of xuka verb forms, a form of address including in third person verbs the interlocutor marker embedded in the auxiliary verb: jin dajin düxü (s/he came → s/he came to you).

Name

In English sources, the Basque-based term Zuberoan is sometimes encountered. In Standard Basque, the dialect is known as zuberera (the province name Zuberoa and the language-forming suffix -era). Various local forms are üskara, xiberera and xiberotarra. In French, it is known as souletin. In Spanish, the dialect is called souletino or suletino.

Distribution

The southern dialect Roncalese was sometimes included within Zuberoan. A Basque language variety close to Zuberoan may have extended more to the east, into the Central Pyrenees, as attested by placenames and historical records about the Basque peoples (Wascones, qui trans Garonnam et circa Pirineum montem habitant, 'Vascons, who reside beyond [river] Garonne and around the Pyrenees' in the Royal Frankish Annals[citation needed]).

Phonology

Consonant phonemes in Souletin
Labial Lamino-dental Apico-alveolar Palatal/
Postalveolar
Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ
Stop aspirated
voiceless p t c k
voiced b d ɟ ɡ
Affricate voiceless t͡s̻ t͡s̺ t͡ʃ
Fricative voiceless f ʃ h
voiced ʒ
Lateral l ʎ
Rhotic r
Vowel phonemes in Souletin
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close i ĩ y u ũ
Mid e o (õ)
Open a ã

In addition to the five vowels present in all other Basque dialects, Zuberoan also has a close front rounded vowel /y/ (written ü), which is markedly noticeable to speakers of other varieties. All six vowels can be nasalized (/õ/ is absent in some Souletin varieties), with nasalization being phonemic.[3][4] It is likely that the sixth vowel arose influenced by the Béarnese vowel shift some centuries ago instead of being an ancient vowel lost in other dialects of Basque.[citation needed]

Souletin features the voiceless aspirated stops /pʰ/,/tʰ/,/kʰ/, which contrast with their unaspirated counterparts. The alveolar tap /ɾ/ present in other dialects has been lost in Souletin.[3] The voiced fricatives /z̻/,/z̺/ are found almost exclusively in loanwords, they are present in other varieties only as allophones of their unvoiced counterparts. The phoneme /ʒ/ (written as j) corresponds to /x/ in other varieties.[5] The voiceless nasal glottal approximant /h̃/ is found exclusively in intervocalic position, and triggers the nasalization of the adjoining vowels.[6]

Example

This example of the "Orreaga"[7] ballad composed by Arturo Campion shows some differences between this dialect and the standard Basque (Euskara batua).

Zuberoan[note 1] Euskara batua (Standard Basque)
I
Gaiherdi da.

Errege Karloman Auritz-berrin dago bere armadareki;

zelü ülhünian ezta ageri, ez argizagi, ez izarrik;

hürrünian sügar handi batzük argitzen die mendiartetan;

Frantzesak khantatzen ari dira herrian;

Altabizkarreko üngürünetan entzüten dira

otsoen izigarriko orroak,

eta holatan Üskaldünek zorrozten dütie

beren eztenak eta aizkorak

Ibañetako harri eta harbochietan.


II
Khechü eta erreus, Karlomanek eztezake loik har.

Ohe saihetsian bereter batek irakurten dü

amoriozko khuntü bat;

hürrünchiago Arrolan gaitzak argitzen dü

bere Dürandal ezpata famatia,

eta Türpin archebisko hona ari dá

Jinkoaren Ama saintiari othoitzen.


III
Bereter maytia, — dio Errege Karlomanek;

— zer dá gaiazko isiltarzüna hausten dian herots hori?

— Jauna,— ihardesten deio bereterrak;

— Iratiko, ichasoa beno zabalago den,

oihaneko ostoak dira aiziak erabilten.

— Ah! haur maytia, heriotziaren deihadarra üdüri dik,

eta ene bihotza lazten dük.


IV
Gaia osoki ülhün da.

Argizagirik ez izarrik ezta ageri zelietan;

hürrünian sügar handi batzük argitzen die mendiartetan;

Frantzesak ló daude Auritz-berrin:

Altabizkarreko üngürünetan otsoak orroaz ari dira,

eta Üskaldünek zorrozten dütie bere eztenak

eta aizkorak Ibañetáko harroketan.


V
Zer dá herots hori?

— galdatzen dü berriz Karlomanek,

eta bereterrak, loaz egochirik, ezteio ihardesten.

— Jauna, — dio Arrolan azkarrak;

mendiko ur-turrusta da,

Andresaroko artaldiaren marrakak.

— Intziri bat üdüri dü, — ihardesten dü Errege Frantzesak.

— Egia dá, Jauna, — dio Arrolanek;

— herri hunek nigar eglten dü gützaz orhitzen denian.


VI
Khechüeriareki Karlomanek ezin dezake loa bil;

zelü lürrak argigabe dira;

otsoak orrokoz ari dira Altabizkarren;

Üskaldünen eztenek eta aizkorek

distiatzen die Ibañetako haritzartetan.


VII
Ah! — dio hasperenez Karlomanek.

— Eztezaket loa bil; suharrak erratzen nai.

Zer da herots hori?

— Eta Arrolanek, loaz egochirik, ezteio ihardesten.

— Jauna, — dio Türpin honak;

othoi ezazü, othoi-ezazü eneki.

Herots hori Üskaldünen gerla-ahairia dá,

eta hau da gure omen handiaren azken egüna.


VIII
Ekhiak argitzen dütü mendiak.

Garhaiturik ihesi doa Karloman,

«bere hegats beltz eta kapa gorriareki».

Haurrak eta emaztiak dantzan ari dira boztarioz Ibañetan.

Ezta atzerik Uskal-Herrian,

eta menditarren oihiak heltzen dirá zelietarano.

I
Gauerdia da.

Errege Karloman Aurizberrin dago bere armadarekin;

zeru ilunean ez da ageri, ez ilargi, ez izarrik;

urrunean sugar handi batzuk argitzen dira mendi arteetan;

Frantsesak kantatzen ari dira herrian;

Altabizkarreko inguruneetan entzuten dira

otsoen izugarrizko orroak,

eta horrela euskaldunek zorrozten dituzte

beren eztenak eta aizkorak

Ibañetako harri eta harkaitzetan.


II
Kexu eta artega, Karlomanek ez dezake lorik har.

Ohe saihetsean bereter batek irakurtzen du

amodiozko kontu bat;

urrunxeago Arrolan gaitzak argitzen du

bere Durandal ezpata famatua,

eta Turpin artzapezpiku ona ari zaio

Jainkoaren Ama sainduari otoitzen.


III
Bereter maitea, — dio Errege Karlomanek;

— zer da gaueko isiltasuna hausten duen zalaparta hori?

— Jauna,— erantzuten dio bereterrak;

— Iratiko, itsasoa baino zabalago den,

oihaneko hostoak dira haizeak erabiltzen.

— Ah! haur maitea, heriotzaren deiadarra irudi dik,

eta ene bihotza lazten duk.


IV
Gaua osoki iluna da.

Ilargirik ez izarrik ez da ageri zeruetan;

urrunean sugar handi batzuk argitzen dira mendiartetan;

Frantsesak lo daude Aurizberrin:

Altabizkarreko inguruneetan otsoak orroz ari dira,

eta Euskaldunek zorrozten dituzte beren eztenak

eta aizkorak Ibañetako arroketan.


V
Zer da zalaparta hori?

— galdetzen du berriz Karlomanek,

eta bereterrak, loaz egotzirik, ez dio erantzuten.

— Jauna, — dio Arrolan indartsuak;

mendiko ur-zorrotada da,

Andresaroko artaldearen marrakak.

— Auhen bat irudi du, — erantzuten du Errege frantsesak.

— Egia da, Jauna, — dio Arrolanek;

— herri honek negar egiten du gutaz oroitzen denean.


VI
Kexuekin Karlomanek ezin dezake loa bil;

zeru lurrak argigabe dira;

otsoak orroz ari dira Altabizkarren;

Euskaldunen eztenak eta aizkorak

distiratzen dira Ibañetako haritz arteetan.


VII
Ah! — dio hasperenez Karlomanek.

— Ez dezaket loa bil; suharrak erretzen nau.

Zer da zalaparta hori?

— Eta Arrolanek, loaz egotzirik, ez dio erantzuten.

— Jauna, — dio Turpin onak;

otoitz egin, otoitz egin enekin.

Zalaparta hori Euskaldunen gerla-doinua da,

eta hau da gure omen handiaren azken eguna.


VIII
Eguzkiak argitzen ditu mendiak.

Garaiturik ihesi doa Karloman,

«bere hegats beltz eta kapa gorriarekin».

Haurrak eta emazteak dantzan ari dira boztarioz Ibañetan.

Ez da atzerik Euskal Herrian,

eta menditarren oihuak heltzen dira zeruetaraino.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Written around 1880 by Emmanuel Intxauspe.

References

Citations

  1. ^ Souletin at Ethnologue (15th ed., 2005) Closed access icon
  2. ^ "bsz | ISO 639-3". iso639-3.sil.org. SIL International. 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2021. Retirement Remedy: Merge into Basque [eus]
  3. ^ a b Hualde, pp. 17–18.
  4. ^ Trask, R.L. (2008). Wheeler, Max W. (ed.). Etymological Dictionary of Basque. University of Sussex. p. 12. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  5. ^ Hualde, pp. 26.
  6. ^ Hualde, pp. 25.
  7. ^ Campion, A (1971). Orreaga. Balada escrita en el dialecto guipuzcoano, acompañada de versiones a los dialectos bizcaino, labortano y suletino y de diez y ocho variedades dialectales de la region bascongada de Nabarra desde Olazagutia hasta Roncal, Separated edition of the La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca, pg 33.

Sources

  • Hualde, José Ignacio; Ortiz de Urbina, Jon (2003). A Grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3110176831.

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