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Sordariomycetes
	A single Xylaria longipes ascocarp
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
(unranked):	Saccharomyceta
Subdivision:	Pezizomycotina
(unranked):	Leotiomyceta
(unranked):	Sordariomyceta
Class:	Sordariomycetes; O.E.Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1 (1): 10 (1997)
Subclasses & orders
	Diaporthomycetidae; Hypocreomycetidae; Lulworthiomycetidae; Pisorisporiomycetidae; Savoryellomycetidae; Sordariomycetidae; Xylariomycetidae;

Sordariomycetes is a class of fungi in the subdivision Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota).^[1] It is the second-largest class of Ascomycota, with a worldwide distribution that mostly accommodates terrestrial based taxa, although several can also be found in aquatic habitats.^[2] Some are phytopathogens that can cause leaf, stem, and root diseases in a wide variety of hosts, while other genera can cause diseases in arthropods and mammals .^[3]^[4]

The name Sordariomycetes is derived from the Latin sordes (filth) because some species grow in animal feces, though growth habits vary widely across the class.

In 2013, it consisted of 3 subclasses, 12 orders, 600 genera and 3000 species,^[5] Then by 2015, it had 3 subclasses, 28 orders, 90 families and 1344 genera.^[1] This has increased to 4 subclasses and 54 orders in 2020.^[6] It then increased to 6 subclasses and 54 orders in 2023.^[7] In May 2023, the GBIF listed 26,295 species in Sordariomycetes.^[8]

Sordariomycetes generally produce their asci in perithecial fruiting bodies.

Sordariomycetes are also known as Pyrenomycetes, from the Greek πυρἠν - 'the stone of a fruit' - because of the usually somewhat tough texture of their tissue.^[9]

Sordariomycetes possess great variability in morphology, growth form, and habitat. Most have perithecial (flask-shaped) fruiting bodies, but ascomata can be less frequently cleistothecial (such as in the genera Anixiella, Apodus, Boothiella, Thielavia and Zopfiella).^[10]^[11] Fruiting bodies may be solitary or gregarious, superficial, or immersed within stromata or tissues of the substrates and can be light to bright or black. Members of this group can grow in soil, dung, leaf litter, and decaying wood as decomposers, as well as being fungal parasites, and insect, human, and plant pathogens.^[12]^[13]^[14]

Sordariomycetes are one of the classes that can also be found in the sea, such as orders, Lulworthiales and Koralionastetales, which were placed in the subclass Lulworthiomycetidae, consist of exclusively marine taxa.^[15]

Some species of Sordariomycetes are economically important as bio-control agents,^[16] and other genera can produce a wide range of chemically diverse metabolites, that are important in agricultural, medicinal and other biotechnological industries.^[17]

Subclasses and orders

As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2022.^[7]

Subclass Diaporthomycetidae

Subclass Hypocreomycetidae

Subclass Lulworthiomycetidae

Koralionastetales (contains family Koralionastetaceae with genera; Koralionastes and Pontogeneia)
Lulworthiales

Subclass Pisorisporiomycetidae

Pisorisporiales (contains family Pisorisporiaceae and genera; Achroceratosphaeria and Pisorisporium)

Subclass Savoryellomycetidae

Conioscyphales (contains family Conioscyphaceae and genus Conioscypha)
Fuscosporellales (contains family Fuscosporellaceae with genera; Bactrodesmiastrum, Fuscosporella, Mucispora, Parafuscosporella, Plagiascoma and Pseudoascotaiwania)
Pleurotheciales (contains family Pleurotheciaceae with genera; Adelosphaeria, Anapleurothecium, Helicoascotaiwania, Melanotrigonum, Neomonodictys, Phaeoisaria, Pleurotheciella, Pleurothecium and Sterigmatobotrys)
Savoryellales (contains family Savoryellaceae with genera; Ascotaiwania, Canalisporium, Dematiosporium, Monotosporella, Neoascotaiwania and Savoryella)

Subclass Sordariomycetidae

Subclass Xylariomycetidae

Amphisphaeriales (includes Apiosporaceae )
Delonicicolales
Xylariales

Order incertae sedis

Familia incertae sedis

These are families in the Sordariomycetes whose taxonomic affinities are not sufficiently well known to be placed in any order.

Batistiaceae
Obryzaceae
Papulosaceae
Plectosphaerellaceae
Thyridiaceae (contains Balzania, Mattirolia, Pleurocytospora, Sinosphaeria, Thyridium, Thyronectria and Thyronectroidea^[18])
Vialaeaceae

Genera incertae sedis

These 108 genera within the Sordariomycetes have an uncertain taxonomic placement (incertae sedis), according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota. A question mark preceding the genus name means the placement of that genus within this order is uncertain.^[19] Abyssomyces – Acerbiella – Acrospermoides – Ameromassaria – Amphisphaerellula – Amphisphaerina – Amphorulopsis – Amylis – Anthostomaria – Anthostomellina – Apharia – Apodothina – Apogaeumannomyces – Aquadulciospora – Aquamarina – Aropsiclus – Ascorhiza – Ascoyunnania – Assoa – Aulospora – Azbukinia – Bactrosphaeria – Barrina – Biporispora – Bombardiastrum – Brenesiella – Byrsomyces – Byssotheciella – Caleutypa – Calosphaeriopsis – Caproniella – Chaetoamphisphaeria – Charonectria – Ciliofusospora – Clohiesia – Clypeoceriospora – Clypeosphaerulina – Cryptoascus – Cryptomycina – Cryptovalsa – Cucurbitopsis – Curvatispora – Dasysphaeria – Delpinoella – Diacrochordon – Dontuzia – Dryosphaera – Endoxylina – Esfandiariomyces – Frondisphaera – Glabrotheca – Heliastrum – Hyaloderma – Hydronectria – Hypotrachynicola – Immersisphaeria – Iraniella – Khuskia – Konenia – Kravtzevia – Kurssanovia – Lecythium – Leptosacca – Leptosphaerella – Leptosporina – Lyonella – Mangrovispora – Melomastia – Microcyclephaeria – Mirannulata – Monosporascus – Myrmecridium – ?Naumovela – ?Neocryptospora – Neolamya – Neothyridaria – Oceanitis – Ophiomassaria – Ornatispora – Pareutypella – Phomatospora – Phyllocelis – Plectosphaerella – Pleocryptospora – Pleosphaeria – Pontogeneia – Porodiscus – Protocucurbitaria – Pulvinaria – Pumilus – Rehmiomycella – Rhamphosphaeria – Rhizophila – Rimaconus – Rhopographella – Rhynchosphaeria – Rivulicola – Romellina – Saccardoella – Sarcopyrenia – Sartorya – Scharifia – Scoliocarpon – Scotiosphaeria – Servaziella – Sporoctomorpha – Stearophora – Stegophorella – Stellosetifera – Stomatogenella – Sungaiicola – Synsphaeria – Tamsiniella – Thelidiella – Thyridella – Thyrotheca – Trichospermella – Trichosphaeropsis – Vleugelia – Zignoina

References

^ ^a ^b Maharachchikumbura, S. S., Hyde, K. D., Jones, E. G., McKenzie, E. H., Huang, S. K., Abdel-Wahab, M. A., ... & Hongsanan, S.. (2015). Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Sordariomycetes. " Fungal Diversity. pp. 199–301.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Zhang, N.; Castlebury, L. A.; Miller, A. N.; Huhndorf, S. M.; Schoch, C. L.; Seifert, K. A.; Rossman, A. Y.; Rogers, J. D.; Kohlmeyer, J.; Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B.; Sung, G.-H. (2006). "An overview of the systematics of the Sordariomycetes based on a four-gene phylogeny". Mycologia. 98 (6): 1076–1087. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.1076. ISSN 0027-5514. PMID 17486982.
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^ H.C. Dube An Introduction to Fungi, 4th Ed. (2013) , p. 224, at Google Books
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^ ^a ^b Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453 [160]. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:10481/76378. S2CID 249054641.
^ "GBIF Species search". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2023-05-30.
^ Century Dictionary entry for pyrenomycetes
^ Lundqvist, N. (1972). "Nordic Sordariaceae s. lat". Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses. 20: 1–374. ISSN 0082-0644. urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-124116.
^ von Arx, J.A. (1975). "On Thielavia and some similar genera of ascomycetes". Studies in Mycology. 8: 1–31.
^ Spatafora, J.W. (1995). "Ascomal evolution of filamentous ascomycetes: evidence from molecular". Canadian Journal of Botany. 73 (S1): 811–5. doi:10.1139/b95-326.
^ Neuveglise C, Brygoo Y, Vercambre B, Riba G (1994). "Comparative-analysis of molecular and biological characteristics of strains of Beauveria brongniartii isolated from insects". Mycological Research. 98 (3): 322–8. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80460-7.
^ Berbee ML, Taylor JW (1992). "Two ascomycete classes based on fruiting-body characters and ribosomal DNA sequence". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 9 (2): 278–284. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040719. PMID 1560763.
^ Poli, Anna; Prigione, Valeria; Bovio, Elena; Perugini, Iolanda; Varese, Giovanna Cristina (2021). "Insights on Lulworthiales Inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea and Description of Three Novel Species of the Genus Paralulworthia". J. Fungi. 7 (11): 940. doi:10.3390/jof7110940. hdl:2318/1818452. PMC 8623521. PMID 34829227.
^ Kaewchai, S.; Soytong, K.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2009). "Mycofungicides and fungal biofertilizers". Fungal Diversity. 38: 25–50.
^ Helaly, S.E.; Thongbai, B.; Stadler, M. (2018). "Diversity of biologically active secondary metabolites from endophytic and saprotrophic fungi of the ascomycete order Xylariales". Natural Product Reports. 35 (9): 992–1014. doi:10.1039/C8NP00010G. PMID 29774351.
^ "Thyridiaceae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
^ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota — 2007". Myconet. 13: 1–58.