Six Flags Entertainment Corporation, formerly Six Flags Theme Parks, Inc., was an American amusement park corporation, headquartered in Arlington, Texas. At its height, Six Flags owned more theme parks and waterparks than any other company:[6] 42 properties in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, including theme parks, amusement parks, water parks, and a family entertainment center. In 2019, Six Flags properties hosted 32.8 million customers,[7][8] the seventh-highest attendance in the world.
Founded in the 1960s and named for its first theme park, Six Flags Over Texas, the company was known first as Six Flags, Corp., and later Six Flags, Inc. The company maintained a corporate office in Midtown Manhattan, and headquarters in Arlington, Texas. On June 13, 2009, the corporation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, which it exited after corporate restructuring on May 3, 2010.[9][10][11]
On July 1, 2024, Six Flags merged with rival Cedar Fair in an $8 billion deal; the merged company, also called Six Flags and based in Charlotte, operates 51 properties, including 27 amusement parks, 15 water parks, and nine resorts.[12][13][14]
Six Flags Over Texas initially featured a Native American village, a gondola ride, a railroad, some Wild West shows, a stagecoach ride and "Skull Island", a pirate-themed adventure attraction. There was also "LaSalle's River Adventure", inspired by the late-1600s La Salle Expeditions, that carried customers on French riverboats through a wilderness of animated puppets.[16][17] Over the years, all of those attractions, except the railroad, were replaced by others, such as roller coasters, swing rides, log flumes and shoot-the-chute rides, as well as an observation tower.
Growth and acquisitions
In 1964, Angus Wynne's uncle Toddie Lee Wynne announced he would sell his stake in the Great Southwest Corporation, a sale valued around $6 million.[18] The Pennsylvania Railroad purchased 500,000 shares of the company, a controlling interest, as part of its effort to diversify its revenue sources.[19][20]
In 1982, Penn Central—which had sold its railroad assets to Conrail and now consisted largely of its diversified sub-firms—sold the company to Bally Manufacturing.[21]
In 1987, Bally surrendered control of the chain to Wesray Capital Corporation in a 1987 leveraged buyout. Time Warner quickly began to gain more company stock, gaining a 19.5% stake in Six Flags in 1990 and then 50% in 1991, with the remaining shares of the company being split by Blackstone Group and Wertheim Schroder & Company. Time Warner purchased the remaining stake in Six Flags in 1993, changing the company's name from Six Flags Corp. to Six Flags Theme Parks, Inc. In 1995, to reduce its debt, Time Warner sold 51% of Six Flags for $200 million in cash to an investment group led by Boston Ventures, shifting $800 million in debt to Six Flags.[23][24]
Premier Parks, Inc. was an amusement park operator based in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. They were founded in 1971 as Tierco Group, Inc., and initially operated as a real estate company. They entered the amusement park market in 1982, acquiring Frontier City for $1.2 million although the company was not interested in entering that route. Company officials described Frontier City as "beat up" and "run down" and had plans to demolish the park and build a shopping center in its place, but the oil bust in Oklahoma scuttled those plans.[26] Instead, Tierco decided to touch up the park grounds, and in 1984 they hired Gary Story as general manager of Frontier City and spent about $13 million to improve the park. As the new head of Frontier City, he quadrupled the park's attendance and revenues. Under his leadership, two rides, a ticket booth, a sales office, and a petting zoo were added to the park. Food service improved.[26] By 1988, Tierco had fully shifted its strategic direction to the amusement parks market and eventually exited the real estate market, and in 1991 they had acquired the White Water water park from Silver Dollar City, Inc. and renamed it as White Water Bay. Tierco realized the key to boosting a park's attendance was to add new and exciting rides and make it family-friendly.[26]
In 1992, Tierco added its second amusement park to its portfolio by acquiring the financially troubled Wild World in Largo, Maryland and spent $500,000 to remodel the park. Tierco treated the park's renovation similarly to Frontier City, where the park's buildings were remodeled and the park's children's ride selection was expanded. The park also saw a name change to Adventure World, having a tropical look and feel. Afterward, Gary Story was promoted to executive vice president of the two parks, and by 1994 he had become president and chief operating officer (COO). Within that year, Adventure World saw two additional roller coasters and more flat rides.[26] Tierco then changed its name to Premier Parks, Inc. afterwards, under Kieran E. Burke, chairman and chief executive officer.
During the second half of the 1990s, Premier Parks underwent a massive "Growth through Acquisition" phase. On August 16, 1995, they acquired Geauga Lake near Cleveland, Ohio, Wyandot Lake in Powell, Ohio and Darien Lake near Buffalo, New York from Funtime, Inc. for $60 million.[27] While Lake Compounce was also included in the purchase, Premier Parks eventually sold it to Kennywood Entertainment Company. Aside from theme park acquisitions, Premier also saw plans to expand their water park offerings by opening water parks for the parks that didn't have one.
In June 1996, Premier Parks went public and raised nearly $70 million through an initial offering at $18 per share. The company planned to use the money to expand its parks and acquire others. They began their acquisitions for the year by announcing the purchase of The Great Escape & Splashwater Kingdom in Queensbury, New York for an undisclosed amount on August 27, to close the deal by December.[28][29] This was followed up with the acquisition of Elitch Gardens in Denver, Colorado on September 25,[30] the Waterworld USA waterparks in Sacramento and Concord, California, as well as Paradise Island Family Fun Park (next to Waterworld USA Sacramento) from FRE Inc. on October 25[31] and Riverside Park in Agawam, Massachusetts in December.
Premier began operating the Marine World theme park near San Francisco during the Mid-1997 season. On September 26, Kentucky Kingdom (located in Louisville) owner Paul Hart announced that he would sell the park's operation lease to Premier Parks for $64 million, of which the deal would close on November 7.[32] In December, Premier announced that they would enter the European market by purchasing a controlling 94 percent interest in the Walibi Group in Wavre, Belgium. The company owned six park operations - Walibi Wavre and Bellewaerde Park in Belgium, Walibi Flevo in Holland, and Walibi Aquitaine, Walibi Schtroumpf, and Walibi Rhône-Alpes in France. The purchase was made for Premier to compete with Disneyland Paris and would close in March 1998.[33] Within the 1997 year alone, almost 11 million people visited parks owned by Premier.[34]
Sale of Six Flags to Premier Parks
On February 10, 1998, Time Warner Entertainment and the investment group announced the sale of their stakes in Six Flags Theme Parks, Inc. to Premier Parks, Inc. for $1.86 billion, forming Premier's largest purchase.[35] The deal closed on April 1.[36] Shortly afterwards in June, Kentucky Kingdom became the first of Premier's owned parks to rebrand under the Six Flags moniker, effectively renamed as Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom.[37] In October, Premier announced that an additional four parks would rebrand under the Six Flags moniker; Elitch Gardens, Darien Lake, The New Marine World and Adventure World. The former three would keep their names alongside the Six Flags suffix, while Adventure World would be completely reinvented and refurbished as Six Flags America. These additions also saw the addition of the Warner Bros. IPs to the respective parks and brought the number of Six Flags branded parks to seventeen.[38] On November 18, 1998, Premier announced that they had fully purchased Six Flags Fiesta Texas from USAA, putting the park under their full control.[39]
Aside from that, Premier Parks added additional parks to their portfolio. They purchased Reino Aventura in Mexico City, Mexico for an estimated $59 million in March,[40]White Water Atlanta and its sister park American Adventures in Marietta, Georgia from Silver Dollar City, Inc. on May 5 for an undisclosed amount[41] and SplashTown USA in Spring, Texas on May 17.[42] On October 6, Premier announced the expansion of its North American licensing agreement with Warner Bros. to include rights to the Looney Tunes, Hanna-Barbera, Cartoon Network, and DC Comics characters and franchises in Europe, Latin and South America as well. The deal also allowed Premier to open more European theme parks Warner Bros. Movie World branding theme parks in these territories. The deal also included the purchase of Warner Bros. Movie World Germany from the company and an agreement to hold a minority stake and manage the upcoming Warner Bros. Movie World Madrid theme park, which was scheduled to open in 2002.[43][44] The deal did not include the original Warner Bros. Movie World on the Gold Coast, Australia, as that was under completely different ownership.
Rebranding of Premier Parks under Six Flags name
In their 1999 annual report, Premier Parks announced that they would rebrand under the Six Flags, Inc. name. The company also announced an additional four parks (two in the United States, and two international parks) would rebrand under the Six Flags brand - Geauga Lake becoming Six Flags Ohio, Riverside Park becoming Six Flags New England, Walibi Flevo becoming Six Flags Holland and Reino Aventura becoming Six Flags Mexico. The rebrands of all four parks coincided with the addition of Warner Bros. properties.[45] SplashTown USA would rebrand as Six Flags SplashTown while White Water Atlanta became Six Flags White Water. In December 2000, Wild Waves and Enchanted Village in Federal Way, Washington was added to the Six Flags family when its owner Jeff Stock sold his shares of the park for $19.3 million.[46]
On January 10, 2001, Six Flags announced that they had reached an agreement with Anheuser-Busch to purchase SeaWorld Ohio for $110 million. The deal would allow Six Flags to merge the former park with Six Flags Ohio alongside its campground properties and nearby hotels to form a massive entertainment complex.[47] After the purchase was completed, the entire complex was rebranded under the name of Six Flags Worlds of Adventure, and was positioned to compete against northern Ohio's Cedar Point. On January 15, Six Flags European Parks announced that they would rebrand Walibi Wavre as Six Flags Belgium for the 2001 season with the addition of the Warner Bros. properties.[48] In May 2001, Six Flags expanded to the Canadian market by negotiating a deal with the city of Montreal to operate La Ronde in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Six Flags acquired the assets of the park and has a long-term contract to lease the land from the city.
In April 2002, Warner Bros. Movie World Madrid opened to the public, adding another park to the Six Flags portfolio. The park was constructed as a joint venture between Six Flags, Warner Bros., and the City of Madrid, with Six Flags holding a minority stake and park operations.[49] In August 2002, Six Flags purchased the lease operations to Jazzland in New Orleans for $22 million [50] and rebranded it as Six Flags New Orleans for the 2003 season with the addition of the Warner Bros. properties.[51]
In 2004, Six Flags began the process of closing and selling properties to reduce the company's growing debt. On March 10, Six Flags made two major theme park sales. They first announced the sale of Six Flags Worlds of Adventure to Cedar Fair for $145 million, with the deal planned to close before the start of the 2004 operating season. The deal would include the theme park, wildlife, and water park sections, as well as the adjacent hotel and campground while the animals would be relocated to other Six Flags parks, while branding that Cedar Fair didn't own licensing rights to like Looney Tunes and DC Comics, would be removed. Cedar Fair confirmed that the park would revert to its original name of Geauga Lake and that they would remove the wildlife section of the park in to focus on other facilities.[52] The other was the sale of the Six Flags European Parks division to an undisclosed partner which was later confirmed to be Palmon Capital Partners.[53][54] This deal was closed on June 24 with Palmon rebranding the company as StarParks. The Six Flags branded parks in Belgium and Holland reverted to the "Walibi" brand for the 2005 season while Warner Bros. Movie World Germany was rebranded as Movie Park Germany as the Warner Bros. license was not included in the sale.[55]both sales raised $345 million.[56] On November 23, 2004, Six Flags completely left the European market altogether when Warner Bros. Park Madrid's management firms terminated their 99-year operation lease and stake. The park's management took over operations of the park in-house while Warner Bros. acquired Six Flags' minority stake.[57][58]
In 2005, Six Flags endured even more turmoil. Some of the company's largest investors, notably Bill Gates's Cascade Investments (which then owned about 11% of Six Flags) and Daniel Snyder's Red Zone, LLC (which owned 12%), demanded change. On August 17, 2005, Red Zone began a proxy battle to gain control of Six Flags' board of directors. On August 29, 2005, Six Flags New Orleans was severely damaged by Hurricane Katrina, and has since sat abandoned.[59] On September 12, Six Flags Chief Executive Officer Kieran Burke announced that Six Flags AstroWorld would be closed and demolished at the end of the 2005 season. The company cited issues such as the park's performance, and parking issues involving the Houston Texans football team, Reliant Stadium, and the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, leveraged with the estimated value of the property which included the park. Company executives were expecting to receive upwards of $150 million for the real estate but ended up receiving $77 million when the bare property (which cost $20 million to clear) was sold to a development corporation in 2006.[60] On November 22, 2005, Red Zone announced it had gained control of the board. Kieran Burke was removed on December 14 and was replaced by former executive vice president of ESPN programming and Red Zone CEO Mark Shapiro. Six Flags then named former RepresentativeJack Kemp, Miramax co-founder Harvey Weinstein and former president of the Interpublic Group of Companies IncorporatedMichael Kassan, to their new board of directors.[61]
Even with the new management team, the sell-offs would continue into 2006. On January 27, the company announced its exit from Oklahoma City by relocating its offices to New York City and putting Frontier City and White Water Bay up for sale.[62] On April 18, they announced that they would terminate their lease to run Waterworld Sacramento for the 2006 season.[63] On June 13, they announced the sale of Wyandot Lake in Powell, Ohio to the neighboring Columbus Zoo and Aquarium.[64] On June 23, they announced to either sell, reduce or close seven additional parks - Six Flags Elitch Gardens, Six Flags Darien Lake, Six Flags Waterworld, Six Flags Splashtown, Wild Waves and Enchanted Village and most notably, Six Flags Magic Mountain.[65]
On January 11, 2007, Six Flags announced that PARC Management would purchase the selection of parks previously put up for sale aside from Six Flags Magic Mountain for $312 million: $275 million cash and a note for $37 million. CNL Lifestyle Properties would take over ownership, while PARC would manage the parks. Parks which had the Six Flags suffix in their name had it removed.[66]
In June 2008, Six Flags leased operations of American Adventures to an independent company - Zuma Holdings LLC.[67]
Bankruptcy
The company's cash flow had decreased by over $120 million annually during the Shapiro years. In October 2008, Six Flags was warned its stock value had fallen below the required minimums to remain listed on the New York Stock Exchange.[68] With the financial crisis of 2007–2008 weighing both on consumer spending and the ability to access credit facilities, Six Flags was believed to be unable to make a payment to preferred stockholders due in August 2009.[69] Management saw the business as a sound one, noting that attendance across the company's parks increased slightly in 2008 compared to 2007.[68] Six Flags CEO Mark Shapiro said that the company's problem was the declining attendance and cash flow created by his new management initiatives.[68] If not resolved, the company warned in its 2008 annual report[70] that the situation might require a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing, with Six Flags already retaining counsel should that occur.[69] The company stated at the time that it expected business to continue as normal in the event of such a filing,[68] although one analyst believed attendance at the company's parks would decrease by six percent, suggesting parents would be leery of letting their children ride a roller coaster operated by a bankrupt company.[69] In April 2009, the New York Stock Exchange announced it would delist Six Flags' stock on April 20, a decision that the company did not intend to appeal.[71] On June 1, 2009, Six Flags announced it would delay its $15 million debt payment further using a 30-day grace period. Less than two weeks later, on June 13, the firm filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection,[10][72] but issued a statement that the parks would continue to operate normally while the company restructured.[73] On August 21, 2009, Six Flags' Chapter 11 restructuring plan was announced in which lenders would control 92% of the company in exchange for canceling $1.13 billion in debt.[74]
Six Flags closed Kentucky Kingdom in 2010, after failing to negotiate a lease agreement for the park
One component of the restructuring was negotiating a new lease agreement with the Kentucky State Fair Board, which owned much of the land and attractions for Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom.[75] Six Flags had asked to forgo rent payments for the remaining nine years of its current lease agreement in exchange for profit-sharing from the park's operations.[76] When it appeared that the offer had been rejected, Six Flags announced in February 2010 that it would not re-open the park.[75] However, the Kentucky State Fair Board stated at the time that they were still open to negotiating a revised lease agreement.[77] The park later reopened under different management.
On April 28, 2010, the company's bondholders reached an agreement on a reorganization plan.[78] Junior note holders, including hedge funds Stark Investments and Pentwater Capital Management,[11] assumed control of the company, while senior note holders were paid in cash.[78] Despite objections from some parties who stood to gain nothing,[78] the bankruptcy judge approved the plan on April 30, 2010.[79] As part of the settlement, chairman of the board Dan Snyder was removed, while chief executive officer Mark Shapiro briefly remained in his post.[79]
Emergence from bankruptcy
Six Flags officially emerged from bankruptcy protection as Six Flags Entertainment Corp. on May 3, 2010, and announced plans to issue new stock on the New York Stock Exchange.[11] Amid suspected disagreements regarding the future of the company with the board, Shapiro left the company and Al Weber Jr. was brought in as interim president and CEO.[80] The company announced that several corporate positions as well as the corporate headquarters would be relocated from New York City to Grand Prairie, Texas. The building that served as the new headquarters, was located in the Great Southwest Industrial District and was a converted warehouse that had been in use by Six Flags for office space as well as a corporate operations center. Six Flags kept a portion of the Midtown Manhattan office and currently maintains a presence in New York City at that same location.[81]
On April 10, 2014, Six Flags announced a strategic partnership with Meraas Leisure and Entertainment (now known as DXB Entertainments) to build a Six Flags-branded theme park in Dubai, reviving the project.[86] On June 23, 2014, Six Flags also announced a strategic partnership with Riverside Investment Group to build multiple Six Flags-branded theme parks in China over the decade.[87]
On February 18, 2016, Six Flags announced that Jim Reid-Anderson had been promoted as executive chairman and John M. Duffey succeeded him as president and CEO.[48][83] On January 11, 2016, Six Flags announced Six Flags Zhejiang, then named Six Flags Haiyan, in China. On the same day, a website was created along with concept art for the property.[88] A month later on February 2, 2016. Six Flags announced Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Oaxtepec.[89] The water park, originally named Parque Acuatico Oaxtepec, is a 76-acre park located in Morelos, Mexico that went bankrupt in 2011.[90] On March 21, 2016, Six Flags announced a partnership with NaVi Entertainment to build a Six Flags-branded theme park and a Six Flags Hurricane Harbor-branded water park in Vietnam.[91] On March 29, 2016, Six Flags announced the revival of its previously canceled Six Flags Dubai. As part of the second phase of the Dubai Parks and Resorts project in Jebel Ali, the park was expected to open in 2019.[92] On July 20, 2016, Six Flags announced an agreement with Riverside Investment Group Co. Ltd. for the development of a second Six Flags-branded theme park in China together with a water park. The two parks will be located in Bishan District, a district of Chongqing.[93]
On April 27, 2017, the company announced it would take over operations of Waterworld California in Concord, California, making it Six Flags' 20th property. On July 18, 2017, Six Flags announced that president and CEO John M. Duffey had retired from the company and Jim Reid-Anderson had re-assumed the roles of chairman, president and CEO.[48][94] On May 18, 2017, Six Flags and Riverside Group signed an agreement with Paws, Inc. to use Garfield in children's areas in Six Flags-branded theme parks in China.[95]
On March 22, 2018, Six Flags and Riverside Group announced a partnership with Turner Asia Pacific to bring Tuzki and other Turner-owned IPs to its theme parks in China.[96] On May 22, 2018, Six Flags announced the purchase of operating leases for five parks owned by EPR Properties. The parks are Darien Lake, Frontier City, Wet'n'Wild Phoenix, Wet'n'Wild SplashTown and White Water Bay, which were properties Six Flags formerly owned prior to 2007.[97] On October 9, 2018, Six Flags and Rockford Park District announced a lease agreement allowing Six Flags to operate Magic Waters Waterpark beginning Spring 2019.[98] On October 24, 2018, Six Flags announced that the future of its Six Flags Dubai theme park was "uncertain" following losses at the company and its partner DXB Entertainments.[99]
On April 24, 2019, DXB Entertainments canceled Six Flags Dubai, stating that the development and establishment of a Six Flags theme park was not in the best interest of the company or its shareholders. Plans were made to direct the available proceeds to enhance the existing theme parks of Motiongate and Bollywood Parks.[100] On October 2, 2019, Reuters reported that Six Flags Entertainment Corporation had approached competitor Cedar Fair with an acquisition offer. Sources said that Cedar Fair was considering Six Flags' cash-and-stock offer, but there was no certainty that a deal would be reached.[101] On October 4, 2019, Cedar Fair rejected Six Flags' offer to purchase.[102] On October 24, 2019, Six Flags Entertainment Corporation announced that Jim Reid-Anderson would retire and Mike Spanos would be president and CEO of the company on November 18, 2019.[103]
On January 10, 2020, Six Flags indicated that its projects in China have not progressed as expected and could be canceled due to debt problems with its partner Riverside Investment Group.[104] In January 2020, Six Flags finalized plans to move its corporate headquarters to the Centerfield Office Building at Globe Life Park in Arlington, Texas.[105] The offices were remodeled over the summer and Six Flags personnel moved in during the last few months of the year. On March 13, 2020, with only a few parks already opened for the 2020 season, Six Flags announced that all its properties would suspend operations due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[106][107] During the closure, parks donated supplies and food to their local communities.[108][109]
As of August 2020, some Six Flags operations were still suspended. On May 13, Six Flags announced that when the parks reopen guests will be required to reserve their place online to enter the park, including purchasing their tickets to the park and parking.[110][111] Six Flags Great Adventure opened its drive-through safari to the public on May 30.[112][113] Frontier City became the first park of the company to reopen on June 5, with new health and safety protocols.[114][115] Soon after Frontier City's announcement, several other parks in the company announced their reopening dates.[116][117][118][119] Starting on February 19, 2021, Six Flags had started gradually re-opening their amusement parks to the public for the upcoming season due to reduced COVID-19 restrictions, and by May of that year, all parks had successfully re-opened to the public.[120]
On March 22, 2021, Six Flags announced that Six Flags Great America's Hurricane Harbor park would be converted into a separate park, becoming Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Chicago.[121] Since its opening in 2005, the park was a part of Great America, but in recent years had started charging a one-day ticket upgrade to access the park.[122] The change into a separate park meant that Hurricane Harbor Chicago would become the 27th Six Flags park in the chain.[123] On November 15, 2021, Six Flags Entertainment Corporation announced that Mike Spanos had stepped down and Selim Bassoul, the former chairman of the board, would become president and CEO of the company effective immediately. Ben Baldanza, a former airlines industry executive, was elected to replace Bassoul as the chairman of the board.[124]
Merger with Cedar Fair
On November 2, 2023, Cedar Fair and Six Flags Entertainment Corporation announced that they would merge; the combined company, worth an estimated $8 billion, will become the largest regional amusement park company in the world.[125] Described as a "merger of equals",[125] the combined company will have 27 amusement parks, 15 water parks, and 9 resort properties in its portfolio, and it will operate under the Six Flags name.[126] Despite the name, Cedar Fair will be the majority owners, with unitholders owning a 51% stake in the new company.[125] President and CEO of Cedar Fair, Richard Zimmerman, will serve as president and CEO of the new combined company, while Selim Bassoul, President and CEO of Six Flags, will become the executive chairman of the company's board of directors.[125] The combined company's new headquarters will be located in Charlotte, North Carolina, with significant administrative and finance operations being located at Cedar Fair's former headquarters in Sandusky, Ohio.[126] The merger was completed on July 1, 2024.
In 2004, although DC Comics and Looney Tunes as well as Scooby-Doo still had a major presence at the parks, Six Flags began a new series of commercials for the parks. The commercials introduced a new mascot, conceived by the Doner Company, "Mr. Six", a seemingly feeble old man in a tuxedo and red bow tie. In many of the commercials, Mr. Six would slowly exit a multi-colored bus, only to start frenetically dancing to the Vengaboys' "We Like to Party". The commercials were an immediate hit and Mr. Six almost instantly became the de facto mascot, and his presence was felt for years after the character was retired. These ads have become widely parodied on the Internet, with faces from other Internet memes being superimposed over Mr. Six's face.[citation needed]
From 2008 to 2010, Six Flags' TV ads consisted of a "Fun-O-Meter" in which the beginning of the ad showed something boring or embarrassing, leading to a man's face popping up judging it to be "One Flag!" or "Oh! Two Flags!". Then roller coasters and attractions of Six Flags are shown and says "Six Flags! More Flags, More Fun!" for Six Flags parks. The thick accent of the Asian man in the original commercials drew criticism for being an offensive caricature.[128] In 2009, the Mr. Six character came back from retirement and replaced the Asian man in Six Flags' ads, still using the Fun-O-Meter. In 2011, Six Flags' TV ads got a brand-new slogan "Go Big! Go Six Flags!" for its theme parks.[citation needed]
As part of Six Flags' effort to reopen theme parks in 2021 following the COVID-19 pandemic, Six Flags brought in a new slogan for both its social media and TV ads, "The Thrill is Calling".[129]
Licensing with other brands and companies
Six Flags has licensed its name and its theme park creations to other companies, who have used these assets to create licensed products. One notable example is the theme park simulation game Roller Coaster Tycoon 2, which featured recreations of Six Flags parks and rides that could be expanded and operated at the player's discretion.[citation needed]
In 2008, Six Flags partnered with Brash Entertainment to create a video game based on the Six Flags parks named Six Flags Fun Park.[132] The game was first released on the Nintendo DS on October 28, 2008. The Wii version was delayed while the PC and PlayStation 2 versions were canceled after Brash Entertainment went out of business. On February 24, 2009, the rights to the Wii version were taken over by Ubisoft, who released it on March 3, 2009.[133] The game allows players to explore the themed areas and mini-games representative of a visit to a Six Flags park. In the game, players are tasked with quests that encourage them to explore the park's universe. After creating a unique custom character, Six Flags Fun Park patrons can win prizes and compete with other players in 40 mini-games. Although the video game is called Six Flags Fun Park, it lacks any major reference of Six Flags outside of the names of the different areas. This caused some to speculate that the video game was created separately, then the rights to the name of the game were sold as a way to pay for the game's development.[citation needed] The game was released as simply Fun Park and Fun Park Party in Europe on the DS and Wii respectively. When the game was released, it eventually ended up getting abysmal ratings across the board. IGN gave the Wii version a 4.5 out of 10, saying "The quests are uninteresting and the game's '40 Thrilling Games' (as touted by the box) are far from entertaining."[134]
Other assets
On June 19, 2007, Six Flags announced it had purchased 40% of Dick Clark Productions, which owns rights to American Bandstand and other shows and productions.[135] On September 28, 2012, Six Flags sold its stake in Dick Clark Productions.[136] Additionally, Six Flags owns many other shares in various companies, like Nestle, Google, Mars Candy, and Coca-Cola.[citation needed]
Premier Parks (then named The Tierco Group, Inc.) acquired the park in 1981. After the Six Flags purchase, it was the park nearest to the company's then-headquarters. It was one of the many Six Flags parks sold to PARC Management in the 2007 property sell-off. It was sold on to Premier Parks, LLC in 2011, and then EPR Properties in 2016. Six Flags re-acquired the park's operation rights from Premier Parks in May 2018 but remains under EPR ownership.
Six Flags' only park located in Canada. It was built for Expo 67, and is owned by the City of Montréal. Six Flags purchased the Emphyteutic lease to the property from the city in 2001, with the deal secured until 2065.
Premier Parks (then named The Tierco Group, Inc.) acquired the park in 1992 as Wild World. The company rebranded the park as Adventure World shortly afterward. The park officially gained the Six Flags America moniker in October 1998, the first after the Six Flags purchase to be rebranded.
Premier Parks acquired the park within the Funtime, Inc. purchase in 1995 under the name of Darien Lake. The park gained the "Six Flags" moniker in 1999. It was one of the many Six Flags parks sold to PARC Management in the 2007 property sell-off and reverted to its original name, while CNL became property owners. Operations then transitioned to Herschend Family Entertainment in 2011, and Premier Parks, LLC in 2014, while ownership transitioned to EPR Properties in 2016. Six Flags re-acquired the park's operation rights from Premier Parks in May 2018 and transitioned it back under the "Six Flags" moniker, but it remains under EPR ownership.
While owned by the City of Vallejo since 1996, Premier Parks took over operations of the park in 1997. The park was named Marine World at the time, and gained the "Six Flags" moniker at the end of October 1998. It was renamed under its current name for the 2007 season. Shortly afterward, Six Flags took on full ownership of the property.
Originally named as Fiesta Texas, the park was originally owned by USAA and managed by Gaylord Entertainment from 1992 to 1995. Six Flags took over park management in 1996 and added their moniker to the name. The company fully purchased the park in Mid-1998.
Originally an independently owned park under the name "Great Adventure", Six Flags purchased the park in 1977. In 2012, Great Safari (now named Safari Off-Road Adventure) was combined with the park making Great Adventure the second-largest theme park in the world.
Originally owned and operated by the Marriott Corporation, Six Flags purchased the park for $114.5M in 1984. With the purchase, the company gained the rights to use Warner Bros. properties in the park.[137]
Premier Parks acquired the park from its original owner in 1996. It initially did not include the Six Flags name in its branding, but gained it in 2012. Prior to both purchases, the park was named Storytown USA.
Originally named Reino Aventura, Premier Parks/Six Flags purchased the park for $59M in 1999.[139] The park was completely reinvented, and reopened as Six Flags México in 2000.
Originally named Gallup's Grove, Riverside Grove and Riverside Park, it is one of the two oldest parks in the chain, predating the founding of the first Six Flags Park by nearly a century. Premier Parks purchased it from its original owners at the end of 1996 and rebranded it as Riverside: The Great Escape for 1997, and then Six Flags New England for the 2000 season.
One of three parks constructed by Six Flags. Like Six Flags Over Texas, the park is partially owned by a limited partnership and is managed and operated by Six Flags.
The last park built by Six Flags, and it originally opened as Six Flags Over Mid-America, with the name change to Six Flags St. Louis occurring for 1996. It is the only one of the three original parks that Six Flags fully owns.
Located within Frontier City. Initially opened as a water play structure of the same name in 2012 and turned into a water park in 2017 with the opening of three water slides. Owned by EPR Properties; operated by Six Flags since 2018.
This water park was built by Premier Parks prior to its purchase of Six Flags. It was sold to PARC Management in the 2007 property sell-off. On April 27, 2017, Six Flags announced it had entered into an agreement with EPR Properties to manage the park. On February 22, 2018, Six Flags announced that the park would be renamed from Waterworld Concord to Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Concord.[141] Located about 15 miles from Six Flags Discovery Kingdom.
The park was purchased from Silver Dollar City, Inc. in 1999, alongside its former adjacent sister park American Adventures. The park is owned by the management of Six Flags Over Georgia, while Six Flags itself operates the park. It is located about 15 miles from Six Flags Over Georgia.
Premier Parks (then named The Tierco Group, Inc.) acquired the park in 1991. It was one of the many Six Flags parks sold to PARC Management in the 2007 property sell-off. It was sold on to Premier Parks, LLC in 2011, and then EPR Properties in 2016. Six Flags re-acquired the park's operation rights from Premier Parks in May 2018 but remains under EPR ownership; gaining the Hurricane Harbor name in 2020. It is located about 15 miles from Frontier City.
Originally named Magic Waters, Six Flags acquired the park's operating lease beginning April 1, 2019, and rebranded it under the Hurricane Harbor name shortly after.
Located adjacent to Six Flags Great America. The park was originally included with the price of admission to Great America, and gained the "Chicago" prefix when it became a separate park in 2021; becoming the company's twenty-seventh property.[123]
Located adjacent to Six Flags Fiesta Texas. Formerly called Ol' Waterin' Hole from 1992 to 1998, Armadillo Beach from 1999 to 2005. It was rebranded to Hurricane Harbor San Antonio and became a separate gate in 2023.[142]
The Admiral was an excursion steamboat that had previously operated on the Mississippi River that was re-purposed by Six Flags and opened as an entertainment center in 1987, featuring several music venues, a restaurant, and the "Birdland Theater," a set of 14 animated, mechanical birds that played music. The venture missed a payment on its electricity bill in November of that year and was subsequently closed and later renovated into a floating casino.[143]
American Adventures was located adjacent to Six Flags White Water and was marketed as a family entertainment center containing rides aimed towards young children and family facilities. It was bought alongside White Water in 1999, and due to its size and Six Flags' lack of interest in the venue, it retained the same name throughout its life. In June 2008, Six Flags leased the park to Zuma Holdings, who then separated the park from White Water. Following management issues, the park closed in February 2010, with Zuma citing "Reasons beyond our control". The park's permanent closure was soon confirmed the following month. After the park's closure, Six Flags purchased back the lease and now uses the site as an employee area. The park sat abandoned until the removal of the rides in 2017, aside from the Scrambler which was sent to Six Flags Great Adventure.
Six Flags purchased this wax museum in 1970. The company sold the venue in 1985, and later sold all of its holdings and moved many of the sets and wax figures to California, but sold the original clothing and props to the American Musical Academy of Arts Association. The venue eventually closed down on October 31, 2005, figures and props were auctioned off in 2006, and the building was demolished in 2016.
Six Flags purchased this water park in 1984 and was initially named "Atlantis the Water Kingdom" during construction. After Six Flags sold the property in 1989, the park reverted to its former name before its closure in 1992 following the events of Hurricane Andrew. It was demolished in 1994.
This indoor entertainment venue closed after only six months by its investors. The park did reopen under new ownership but only operated scarcely until 1994 when it was closed permanently and was demolished in 1997.
Premier Parks purchased the park from its original owners in 1996 as Elitch Gardens, and was rebranded under the Six Flags moniker in 1999. It was one of the many Six Flags parks that were sold to PARC Management in the 2007 property sell-off, reverting it to its original name. Currently, the park is owned by Kroenke Sports & Entertainment while Premier Parks, LLC operates it.
Premier Parks originally purchased the park in 1997 and was renamed under the Six Flags moniker after Premier purchased the chain. In February 2010, Six Flags announced it would close the park due to a dispute with the Kentucky State Fair Board, from which Six Flags leased much of the park's land area and attractions.[76] In 2014, Kentucky Kingdom reopened under new management through the Kentucky State Fair Board, and as of 2021 is operated by Herschend Family Entertainment.
Originally opened as Jazzland, this park was bought from its original owners in 2002 and re-branded as Six Flags New Orleans in 2003. It was closed after severe damage from Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The city of New Orleans sued Six Flags in 2009 for not making progress to re-open and for not making required lease payments;[144] Ultimately, the site was turned over to the city along with a cash payment.[145] In 2011, the city made plans to auction the site and all remaining rides and equipment.[146]
Located in the Inner Harbor district of Baltimore, this was Six Flags' second attempt at an indoor amusement park after AutoWorld, but it only operated for one and a half years; the attached nightclub P.T. Flagg's lasted until 1990. The site of the park was redeveloped into an entertainment complex containing a Hard Rock Cafe, Barnes & Noble (closed 2020), Gold's Gym (closed 2010) and the world's first ESPN Zone location (closed 2010 and replaced by Phillips Seafood).
This water park was adjacent to Six Flags AstroWorld. Originally a separate park, it was merged within AstroWorld's operations in 2002. Much like AstroWorld, WaterWorld was closed and demolished in 2005–06.
Premier Parks acquired the park within the Funtime, Inc. purchase in 1995 as Geauga Lake. The park was renamed under the Six Flags moniker as Six Flags Ohio in 2000. The following year in 2001, Six Flags purchased the adjacent SeaWorld Ohio marine park and rebranded the entire complex as Six Flags Worlds of Adventure, becoming the largest theme park in the United States. In 2004, following low attendance and profits, the entire property was sold to competing amusement park operator Cedar Fair and reverted to its former name of Geauga Lake. The park was closed after the 2007 season, but the attached water park remained open until the end of the 2016 season.
This wax museum was located near SeaWorld Orlando. It was acquired by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich alongside SeaWorld, but was closed almost immediately after the sale.
Opening as Waterworld USA Sacramento, this water park was situated within the California Exposition and State Fair (Cal Expo), whose management owned the property. Premier Parks acquired its lease and operations alongside its sister parks Waterworld USA Concord and Marine World Africa USA sometime after opening. After Premier Parks rebranded under the Six Flags umbrella, the park retained its name and was shortened to Waterworld Sacramento in 2005, but unlike Concord, it did not utilize the Six Flags brand. In April 2006, Six Flags announced they would not renew their deal to continue operating the park after the 2006 season.[147]Palace Entertainment acquired the lease and reopened it for the 2007 season as Raging Waters Sacramento, operating it until the end of 2022. Silverwood Entertainment took over operations in 2023 and will reopen the park after a lengthy refurbishment phase in 2027.
Six Flags purchased this combined water and amusement park at the end of 2000, retaining its name throughout ownership. It was one of the many Six Flags parks that were sold to PARC Management in the 2007 property sell-off. Currently, the park is named simply Wild Waves and is owned by EPR Properties with Premier Parks, LLC operating it.
Premier Parks acquired this adjacent theme/water park within the Funtime, Inc. purchase in 1995. The park kept its name throughout the Six Flags ownership and was one of the parks sold during their property sales of 2006. Instead of being sold to PARC Management, Wyandot Lake was instead sold to the adjacent Columbus Zoo and Aquarium who split the park as two separate parks. The water park portion was expanded and renamed as Zoombezi Bay, reopening under zoo management on May 26, 2008. The remains of the theme park portion was renamed as Jungle Jack's Landing, which in 2020 was merged into the Adventure Cove area of the zoo and renamed Rides At Adventure Cove.
Europe
These parks were all sold to Palamon Capital Partners in 2004, unless noted.
Acquired as Walibi Wavre in Walibi SA purchase in 1998, and was renamed Six Flags Belgium in 2001. After its sale, it was renamed Walibi Belgium and is currently owned by Compagnie des Alpes.
Acquired as Walibi Flevo in Walibi SA purchase in 1998, and was renamed Six Flags Holland in 2000. After its sale, it was renamed Walibi World and is currently owned by Compagnie des Alpes as Walibi Holland.
Acquired following Premier Parks' purchase of Six Flags and Warner Bros.' European park chain from Time Warner in 1999. Following its sale, the Warner Bros. license was not included, and the park was renamed Movie Park Germany in 2005, featuring themes from other movie companies. After StarParks split off its other properties, it retained ownership in Movie Park Germany until its sale of the venue to Parques Reunidos in 2010.
Acquired following Premier Parks' purchase of Six Flags and Warner Bros.' European park chain from Time Warner in 1999, although the park was not yet built during the purchase. Six Flags operated the park but they only held a 5% minority ownership stake in it, with the rest being held by various Spanish shareholders. Warner Bros. Park was not included in the sale of Six Flags European Parks, and their contract to operate it was terminated in November 2004, with its management taking over operations while its ownership stake diverted to Warner Bros. itself. It was renamed to Parque Warner Madrid in 2006 and is currently owned and operated by Parques Reunidos, with Warner Bros. continuing to hold a 5% minority stake.
Acquired in Walibi SA purchase in 1998. The park was later sold to Compagnie des Alpes and was renamed Walibi Sud-Ouest (Walibi South-West) in 2010. It was later sold to Aspro Parks and was renamed Walygator Sud-Ouest.
Acquired as Walibi Schtroumpf in Walibi SA purchase in 1998, and was renamed Walibi Lorraine in 2003 following the expiration of The Smurfs license. The park was sold by StarParks to Claude and Didier Le Douarin in 2006, who renamed it Walygator Parc in 2007. Currently, the park is owned by Aspro Parks as Walygator Grand-Est.
Planned to be the second Six Flags-branded theme park in China.[150][104] Following Riverside's financial turmoil, Six Flags ended its licensing agreement.[151]
Six Flags Kids World Chongqing
Bishan, China
2020s
2020
A Six Flags theme park designed especially for families with young children. Located adjacent to Six Flags Chongqing.[152][104]
Six Flags Adventure Park Chongqing
Bishan, China
2020s
2020
Adjoins the Six Flags Chongqing complex.[152][104]
Located in the second phase of Dubai Parks and Resorts, it was in development for more than ten years and was originally scheduled to open in 2011 and then 2019. However, the developer had financial issues and the project was canceled.[100]
This would have been the third Six Flags theme park in China. Following Riverside's financial turmoil, Six Flags ended its licensing agreement.[151][153]
Six Flags Kids World Nanjing
Nanjing, China
2020s
2020
Six Flags theme park designed especially for families with young children. 4th park announced in Six Flags Nanjing complex.[154][104]
Was planned to be the first Six Flags theme park in China in partnership with Riverside Group.[155] Following Riverside's financial turmoil, Six Flags ended its licensing agreement.[151] The park was renamed as "Hangzhou Bay Sunac Tourism City" by its new owners Sunac, and construction has been delayed. It is unknown whether the park will open at a later date.[citation needed]
Was rebranded as the Sunac Water Park by Sunac after Six Flags ended its agreement with Riverside Investment, and opened in June 2021.[156]
Six Flags Kids World Zhejiang
Haiyan, China
2020s
2020
Six Flags theme park designed especially for families with young children. Located adjacent to Six Flags Zhejiang[152][104]
The Flash Pass
The Flash Pass is an optional, pay-per-person virtual queue system offered at Six Flags amusement parks. The system, named after DC Comics character The Flash, allows guests to reserve places in line at participating attractions, and access must be purchased for a nominal fee in addition to the general park admission price. The first iteration, called Q-bot, was designed by Lo-Q and was first implemented at Six Flags Over Georgia in 2001. Guests are given handheld devices, which are then used to make reservations and receive notifications when it is their turn to ride.[157] Another iteration is where guests can scan a QR code on in-park signs or through the mobile app, and guests can buy individual Flash Passes per ride or use their season pass or membership Flash Pass. This feature was adopted in 2021.[158]
A water park version of the virtual system called Q-band was first tested at Six Flags White Water in 2011.[159][160] Guests wear waterproof RFID wristbands that can be scanned at kiosks near participating water park attractions.[161]
^Roth, Melinda (June 7, 2000). "The Albatross". Riverfront Times. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved June 3, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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