Sinotaia quadrata

Sinotaia quadrata
Temporal range: Upper Pleistocene[1]-recent
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Caenogastropoda
Order: Architaenioglossa
Family: Viviparidae
Genus: Sinotaia
Species:
S. quadrata
Binomial name
Sinotaia quadrata
(Benson, 1842)
Synonyms
List
  • Bellamya aeruginosa (Reeve, 1863)
  • Bellamya lapidea (Heude, 1889)
  • Bellamya lapillorum (Heude, 1890)
  • Bellamya purificata (Heude, 1890)
  • †Bithinia viviparoides Hsü, 1936
  • Paludina aeruginosa Reeve, 1863
  • Paludina chinensis I. Lea, 1856
  • Paludina dispiralis Heude, 1890
  • Paludina fantozatiana Heude, 1890
  • Paludina lapidea Heude, 1889
  • Paludina lapillorum Heude, 1890
  • Paludina orientalis I. Lea, 1866
  • Paludina purificata Heude, 1890
  • Paludina quadrata W. H. Benson, 1842
  • Paludina quadrata var. heudei Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1905
  • Sinotaia aeruginosa (Reeve, 1863)
  • Sinotaia dispiralis (Heude, 1890)
  • Sinotaia lapidea (Heude, 1889)
  • Sinotaia lapillorum (Heude, 1890)
  • Sinotaia purificata (Heude, 1890)
  • Sinotaia pyrificata (Heude, 1890)
  • Sinotaia turrita (Yen, 1939)
  • Vivipara heudei Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1905
  • Vivipara lapillorum (Heude, 1890)
  • Vivipara quadrata (W. H. Benson, 1842)
  • Vivipara quadrata var. fantozatiana (Heude, 1890)
  • Vivipara quadrata var. purificata (Heude, 1890)
  • Viviparus quadratus (W. H. Benson, 1842)
  • Viviparus quadratus aeruginosus (Reeve, 1863)
  • Viviparus quadratus dispiralis (Heude, 1890)
  • Viviparus quadratus turritus Yen, 1939

Sinotaia quadrata is a species of a freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Viviparidae. It is widely distributed and common species in China and in northern Vietnam inhabiting various shallow freshwater habitats, where it can reach high densities. It is a keystone species in its habitat and can significantly affect water quality and phytoplankton communities. It is commonly used in Chinese cuisine.

Taxonomy

This species was described under the name Paludina quadrata by English conchologist William Henry Benson in 1842. It is now classified in the genus Sinotaia, although Chinese malacologists use the synonym Bellamya aeruginosa .

Subspecies

Two subspecies are recognised:[3]

  • Sinotaia quadrata histrica (Gould, 1859)
  • Sinotaia quadrata quadrata (W. H. Benson, 1842)

Distribution and habitat

Distribution

This species is found in:

This species is also known from Upper Pleistocene of China.[1] The species' distribution appears to have shrunk from the Middle Pleistocene to the Late Pleistocene, while a range expansion occurred in the Holocene.[7]

It is one of the most common species in China.[8] It is common in the Yangtze River and Yellow River basins.[7] The distribution of S. quadrata includes East China (Anhui, Fujian, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Zhejiang), Northeast China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning), North China (Beijing, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Tianjin), Northwest China (Ningxia, Shaanxi), Central China (Henan, Hubei, Hunan), Southwest China (Chongqing, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan) and South China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan).[2] In Vietnam it is also common, but rarely reaches very high population densities.[9]

Habitat

Sinotaia quadrata is found in rivers and lakes.[10] It inhabits rice paddies, lakes, pools, slow flowing rivers, streams, ditches, ponds, and canals called khlongs in Vietnam.[2][11] It has a benthic lifestyle and lives mainly in shallow littoral areas,[12] usually in soft mud rich in organic matter.[11] It can actively glide over the sediment or bury into it.[13] This species is not actively migrating, rather its dispersal appears to be caused passively by floods, animals (zoochory), and accidentally by humans.[7] The species prefers water temperatures typical of subtropical habitats, e.g., 6 to 30.1 °C (42.8 to 86.2 °F) in Lake Tai.[13]

Populations can reach densities of up to 400 snails/m2.[11] In Chao Lake, it is the dominant gastropod species with an abundance 2-128 snails/m2 and an average biomass of 87.5 g/m2.[14] It is similarly dominant in Lake Tai.[15]

S. quadrata has been found to respond well to laboratory conditions with a water temperature of 24 °C, pH 8 and a 1:4 ratio of sediment to water.[11]

Populations of S. quadrata at high densities are able to alter the physicochemical features of water. They decrease the concentration of chlorophyll a and thus directly increase water transparency. This indirectly decreases the concentration of dissolved oxygen through consumption of oxygen-producing algae.[12] The species affects the composition of the phytoplankton community by decreasing the biomass of mostly toxic cyanobacteria and flagellates and promoting the biomass of mostly colonial green algae.[16][12] Nitrogen concentrations may also be decreased.[16] Its pronounced effect on water chemistry and community composition makes S. quadrata a keystone species in its habitat.[8]

The pollution tolerance value is 6 (on scale 0–10; 0 is the best water quality, 10 is the worst water quality).[17]

Description

S. quadrata breathes with gills. The right tentacle is thickened in the male but not the female.[11] The dry weight of composition of this species is as follows: 28.6% foot, 23.06% intestine, 9.78% gonad, 8.58% hepatopancreas, 29.98% other tissue.[18] The diploid chromosome number of Sinotaia quadrata is 2n=16.[19]

The height of the shell is 20–30 mm (0.79–1.18 in), with both sexes having identical shell dimensions. Adults snails have shell of greater height than width. The shells of newborn snails are 2.93–3.70 mm (0.115–0.146 in) long, and differ from those of adults in being wider than high.[11] The snail including the shell has a weight of about 2.8 g.[16]

Drawing from the type description, apertural view.
Drawing from the type description, abapertural view.
Drawing of an apertural view with operculum.
 
Drawing of an abapertural view of a shell.

Ecology

Feeding habits

Sinotaia quadrata feeds on epiphytic algae.[10]

Sinotaia quadrata histrica snails predate also on eggs of bluegill Lepomis macrochirus.[20]

S. quadrata is a herbivorous deposit feeder.[11][21] It consumes mainly epiphytic algae,[22] but its diet also includes detritus, bacteria,[11] aquatic plants,[21] sand grains, diatoms, green algae,[23] and cyanobacteria such as Microcystis.[24] Its consumption of cyanobacteria during algal blooms may result in bioaccumulation of toxic microcystins (microcystin-LR, microcystin-RR) from Microcystis in the gonads, the hepatopancreas and the digestive tract.[24] Adult snails feeding ad libitum under ideal laboratory conditions eat 16.0 mg of fish food daily.[11]

Life cycle

Sinotaia quadrata has strong fecundity.[10] It is gonochoristic, which means that each individual animal is distinctly male or female.[7] The species is ovoviviparous.[21] Newborn snails attach to non-sediment substrates (shells of adults or other material) in their first 2–3 days.[11]

The shell length of juvenile snails starts at about 3 mm and grows rapidly by about 190 μm daily. Juveniles become adults at the age of nine weeks, when they reach a shell height of 12.15–16.09 mm; from then on, they grow more slowly at about 30 μm daily. Snails can be reliably sexed at this age.[11]

Individuals start mating and reproducing in at water temperatures of 16–18 °C, although a temperature of 24–26 °C is optimal. Females start to give birth to the first newborn snails at the age of 18 weeks, when they reach a shell height of 15–16 mm and a body weight of 0.81–0.94 g.[11][21] Gravidity of adult females lasts the entire year.[11] The average number of newborn snails in the wild is 0.24 snails per day (50 per year)[11][21] or up to 0.55 snails per day in the laboratory.[11] Each gravid female carries 19–21 embryos inside her.[11]

Generation time is quite short at about four months.[7][11] The species can have three generations per year in the aquarium.[11] The reproductive cycle is about six months.[21]

Environmental sensitivity

S. quadrata has been the subject of various aquatic toxicology studies into the effects of copper,[11][25] cadmium,[26] lead,[27] ethylbenzene,[28] 2,2',4,4'- tetrabromodiphenyl ether,[26][29] tributyltin,[30] microcystin,[31] multi-walled carbon nanotubes,[32] and 17β-estradiol.[33] The species has a high sensitivity to copper exposure and could thus be used for monitoring of sediment toxicity caused by environmental copper pollution.[11]

Sinotaia quadrata snails from West Lake in Hanoi, Vietnam were found to be contaminated with copper, lead and zinc.[34] The concentration of these elements in these snails exceeded standards of Food and Drug Administration and of Food Standards Australia New Zealand.[34]

Distribution of rare-earth elements was studied in a labolatory. Results shown bioaccumulation of lanthanum, samarium, gadolinium and yttrium in Sinotaia quadrata and there was found no bioaccumulation of cerium in this snail.[35]

Conservation

The species' population trend is unknown,[2] but population sizes are mostly large.[7] Water pollution and sedimentation are threats to local populations,[2] while more general threats include habitat fragmentation by damming and habitat destruction.[7] The genetic diversity of this species was found to be high in China.[7] S. quadrata is currently classified as Least Concern by the IUCN.[2]

Parasites and predators

Parasites of Sinotaia quadrata include trematode Aspidogaster conchicola.[36]

S. quadrata serves as an intermediate host for Angiostrongylus cantonensis[37][38] and for Echinochasmus fujianensis.[39]

Predators of the species include the black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus; S. quadrata is one of the main food sources for this fish, making it important in the freshwater food chain.[11]

Human use

Sinotaia quadrata
Chinese food from Guangxi with Sinotaia quadrata.
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
2.07 g[40]
 
Threonine3.416 g[40]
Isoleucine2.447 g
Leucine5.910 g
Lysine4.201 g
Methionine1.293 g
Cystine1.477 g
Phenylalanine2.401 g
Tyrosine3.232 g
Valine2.262 g
Arginine5.171 g
Histidine1.339 g
Alanine3.970 g
Aspartic acid7.387 g
Glutamic acid11.588 g
Glycine3.878 g
Proline2.170 g
Serine3.186 g
Vitamins and minerals
Other constituentsQuantity
Water78.34 g[40]
Crude fat0.78 g[40]
Crude protein14.43 g[40]
Crude ash4.38 g[40]
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[41] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[42]

Sinotaia quadrata is common animal food used in aquaculture to feed fish black carp[43] in China.[10]

This species is also eaten by humans. In Isan, Thailand they are collected by hand or with a handnet from canals, swamps, ponds and flooded rice paddy fields during the rainy season. During the dry season, snails live under dried mud. Collectors use a spade to scrape the ground to find and catch them. Generally they are collected by both men and women.[4] The snails are then cleaned and cooked in a curry. They are also parboiled in salted water and eat together with green papaya salad.[4] S. quadrata is commonly sold in markets and restaurants in China[44] and constitutes one of the three predominant freshwater snails found in Chinese markets,[38] where it is considered a delicacy.[18] The species is also used as feed in crab culture[24] as well as fish, poultry and livestock raising.[2] The annual production of S. quadrata in Chao Lake in 2002 amounted to 28 084 t.[24] Although harvesting pressure in China is high, the high genetic diversity suggests that the species is currently not negatively affected by it.[7]

References

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from reference.[4]

  1. ^ a b Teng-Chien Yen. 1943. Review and summary of Tertiary and Quaternary non-marine mollusks of China.. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences (Vol. XCV, 1943). 267-309. Page 284.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Köhler F. & Richter K. (2012). "Sinotaia quadrata". In: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T166310A1129870. Downloaded on 23 November 2015.
  3. ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Sinotaia quadrata (W. H. Benson, 1842)". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
  4. ^ a b c d Setalaphruk, C.; Price, L. L. (2007). "Children's traditional ecological knowledge of wild food resources: a case study in a rural village in Northeast Thailand". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 3 (1): 33. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-3-33. PMC 2100045. PMID 17937791.
  5. ^ Species: Viviparus quadratus Bs. accessed 21 September 2009
  6. ^ Capítulo, Alberto Rodrigues; Altieri, Paula; Ocon, Carolina; Rumi, Alejandra; Paz, Estefanía L.; Ferreira, Ana Clara; Capítulo, Alberto Rodrigues; Altieri, Paula; Ocon, Carolina (June 2017). "Ecology of the non-native snail Sinotaia cf quadrata (Caenogastropoda: Viviparidae). A study in a lowland stream of South America with different water qualities". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 89 (2): 1059–1072. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201720160624. hdl:11336/24555. ISSN 0001-3765. PMID 28640353.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gu, Qian H.; Husemann, Martin; Ding, Baoqing; Luo, Zhi; Xiong, Bang X. (2015). "Population genetic structure of Bellamya aeruginosa(Mollusca: Gastropoda: Viviparidae) in China: Weak divergence across large geographic distances". Ecology and Evolution. 5 (21): 4906–4919. doi:10.1002/ece3.1673. PMC 4662307. PMID 26640670.
  8. ^ a b Zheng, Zhongming; Lv, Jing; Lu, Kaihong; Jin, Chunhua; Zhu, Jinyong; Liu, Xiasong (2011). "The Impact of Snail (Bellamya aeruginosa) Bioturbation on Sediment Characteristics and Organic Carbon Fluxes in an Eutrophic Pond". CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water. 39 (6): 566–571. doi:10.1002/clen.201000212.
  9. ^ Madsen, H.; Hung, N.M. (2015). "Reprint of "An overview of freshwater snails in Asia with main focus on Vietnam"". Acta Tropica. 141 (Pt B): 372–384. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.10.014. PMID 25446169.
  10. ^ a b c d Shan Jian 1985.Integrated fish farming in China. Training manual. Chapter III Pond fertilization and fish feeds. Network of Agriculture centres in Asia, Bangkok, Thailand. 371 pp.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Ma, Taowu; Gong, Shuangjiao; Zhou, Ke; Zhu, Cheng; Deng, Kaidong; Luo, Qinghua; Wang, Zijian (2010). "Laboratory culture of the freshwater benthic gastropod Bellamya aeruginosa (Reeve) and its utility as a test species for sediment toxicity". Journal of Environmental Sciences. 22 (2): 304–313. doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60109-1. PMID 20397422.
  12. ^ a b c Zhu, Jinyong; Lu, Kaihong; Liu, Xiasong (2013). "Can the freshwater snail Bellamya aeruginosa (Mollusca) affect phytoplankton community and water quality?". Hydrobiologia. 707: 147–157. doi:10.1007/s10750-012-1417-1. S2CID 14221188.
  13. ^ a b Zhang, Lei; Liao, Qianjiahua; He, Wei; Shang, Jingge; Fan, Chengxin (2013). "The effects of temperature on oxygen uptake and nutrient flux in sediment inhabited by molluscs". Journal of Limnology. 72: e2. doi:10.4081/jlimnol.2013.e2.
  14. ^ Gao F., Deng J. C., Xu Z. B., Ning Y., Yin H. B. & Gao J. F. (2011). "Ecological characteristics of macrobenthic communities in the Chaohu Lake Basin and their relationship with environmental factors". Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 10(5): 627–634. PDF.
  15. ^ YongJiu, C.; ZhiJun, G.; BoQiang, Q. (2010). "Community structure and diversity of macrozoobenthos in Lake Taihu, a large shallow eutrophic lake in China". Biodiversity Science. 18 (1): 50–59. doi:10.3724/sp.j.1003.2010.050. S2CID 88421204.
  16. ^ a b c Han, Shiqun; Yan, Shaohua; Chen, Kaining; Zhang, Zhenhua; Zed, Rengel; Zhang, Jianqiu; Song, Wei; Liu, Haiqin (2010). "15N isotope fractionation in an aquatic food chain: Bellamya aeruginosa (Reeve) as an algal control agent". Journal of Environmental Sciences. 22 (2): 242–247. doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60100-5. PMID 20397413.
  17. ^ Young, S.-S.; Yang, H.-N.; Huang, D.-J.; Liu, S.-M.; Huang, Y.-H.; Chiang, C.-T.; Liu, J.-W. (2014). "Using Benthic Macroinvertebrate and Fish Communities as Bioindicators of the Tanshui River Basin Around the Greater Taipei Area — Multivariate Analysis of Spatial Variation Related to Levels of Water Pollution". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11 (7): 7116–7143. doi:10.3390/ijerph110707116. PMC 4113864. PMID 25026081.
  18. ^ a b Zhang, Dawen; Xie, Ping; Liu, Yaqin; Chen, Jun; Liang, Gaodao (2007). "Bioaccumulation of the Hepatotoxic Microcystins in Various Organs of a Freshwater Snail from a Subtropical Chinese Lake, Taihu Lake, with Dense Toxic Microcystis Blooms". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 26 (1): 171–176. doi:10.1897/06-222R.1. PMID 17269475. S2CID 23490708.
  19. ^ Zhou D., Zhou M. & Wu Z. (1988). "The karyotype of five species of freshwater snails of the family Viviparidae". Acta Zoologica Sinica 34: 364–370. abstract.
  20. ^ (in Japanese) Nakao H., Kawabata T., Fujita K., Nakai K. & Sawada H. (2006). "Predation on bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) broods by native snails. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 53(2): 167–173. PDF.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Xu, Meng; Mu, Xidong; Dick, Jaimie T. A.; Fang, Miao; Gu, Dangen; Luo, Du; Zhang, Jiaen; Luo, Jianren; Hu, Yinchang (2016). "Comparative Functional Responses Predict the Invasiveness and Ecological Impacts of Alien Herbivorous Snails". PLOS ONE. 11 (1): e0147017. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147017X. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147017. PMC 4714930. PMID 26771658.
  22. ^ Xu, Jun; Zhang, Min; Xie, Ping (2007). "Size-related shifts in reliance on benthic and pelagic food webs by lake anchovy". Écoscience. 14 (2): 170–177. doi:10.2980/1195-6860(2007)14[170:SSIROB]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 55224954.
  23. ^ Xu, J; Wen, Z; Ke, Z; Zhang, M; Zhang, M; Guo, N; Hansson, L. A.; Xie, P (2014). "Contrasting energy pathways at the community level as a consequence of regime shifts". Oecologia. 175 (1): 231–241. Bibcode:2014Oecol.175..231X. doi:10.1007/s00442-013-2878-2. PMC 3992223. PMID 24414311.
  24. ^ a b c d Chen, Jun; Xie, Ping; Guo, Longgen; Zheng, Li; Ni, Leyi (2005). "Tissue distributions and seasonal dynamics of the hepatotoxic microcystins-LR and -RR in a freshwater snail (Bellamya aeruginosa) from a large shallow, eutrophic lake of the subtropical China". Environmental Pollution. 134 (3): 423–430. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2004.09.014. PMID 15620587.
  25. ^ Li, Zi-Cheng; An, Li-Hui; Fu, Qing; Liu, Ying; Zhang, Lei; Chen, Hao; Zhao, Xing-Ru; Wang, Li-Jing; Zheng, Bing-Hui; Zhang, Lin-Bo (2011). "Construction and characterization of a normalized cDNA library from the river snail Bellamya aeruginosa after exposure to copper". Ecotoxicology. 21 (1): 260–7. doi:10.1007/s10646-011-0786-y. PMID 21915736. S2CID 3406154.
  26. ^ a b "铜锈环棱螺HSP70对Cd和BDE-47胁迫的响应敏感性" [Response Sensitivity of HSP70 in Bellamya aeruginosa Exposed to Cadmium and BDE-47]. Journal of Chongqing Normal University (in Chinese): 22–28. doi:10.11721/cqnuj20140605.
  27. ^ (in Chinese) Ma T. W., Zhu C., Zhou K. et al. (2010). Cd Pb单一及复合污染沉积物对铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏SOD和MT的影响 "Effects of Cd, Pb, and combined contaminated sediments on hepatopancreatic SOD and MT in Bellamya aeruginosa". Journal of Agro-Environment Science 29(1): 30–37. abstract.
  28. ^ Zheng, Shimei; Zhou, Qixing; Gao, Jie; Xiong, Hongxia; Chen, Cuihong (2012). "Behavioral alteration and DNA damage of freshwater snail Bellamya aeruginosa stressed by ethylbenzene and its tissue residue". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 81: 43–48. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.04.016. PMID 22591725.
  29. ^ (in Chinese) Zhou K., Ma T. W., Zhu C. et al. (2010). 2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)污染沉积物对铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏的SOD、CAT和EROD活性的影响 "Effect of 2,2',4,4'- tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47)-contaminated sediments on SOD, CAT, and EROD activities in the hepatopancreas of Bellamya aeruginosa". Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 30(8): 1666–1673. abstract, PDF.
  30. ^ (in Chinese) Peng J. Y., Liu J., Ma T. W. et al. (2012). "Effects of sediment associated tributyltin (TBT) on the hepatopancreatic antioxidant defense system of Bellamya aeruginosa". Shanghai Envinmental Sciences 31(3): 97–101. abstract.
  31. ^ Zhu, Jinyong; Lu, Kaihong; Zhang, Chunjing; Liang, Jingjing; Hu, Zhiyong (2011). "Biochemical and Ultrastructural Changes in the Hepatopancreas of Bellamya aeruginosa(Gastropoda) Fed with Toxic Cyanobacteria". The Scientific World Journal. 11: 2091–2105. doi:10.1100/2011/402326. PMC 3217598. PMID 22125458.
  32. ^ (in Chinese) Liu S.-S., Long Y., Wang M., Ma T.-W. (2015). 沉积物 底栖动物体系中多壁碳纳米管对镉生态毒性的影响 "Effects of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on Ecotoxicity of Cd in Sediment⁃Zoobenthos System". Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment 31(3): 414–419. PDF.
  33. ^ Lei, Kun; Liu, Ruizhi; An, Li-hui; Luo, Ying-Feng; Leblanc, Gerald A. (2014). "Estrogen alters the profile of the transcriptome in river snail Bellamya aeruginosa". Ecotoxicology. 24 (2): 330–338. doi:10.1007/s10646-014-1381-9. PMID 25398503. S2CID 9872876.
  34. ^ a b Pham, Nga Thi Thu; Pulkownik, Alexandra; Buckney, Rodney T. (2007). "Assessment of heavy metals in sediments and aquatic organisms in West Lake (Ho Tay), Hanoi, Vietnam". Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management. 12 (4): 285–294. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1770.2007.00343.x.
  35. ^ Yang, Xingye; Yin, Daqiang; Sun, Hao; Wang, Xiaorong; Dai, Lemei; Chen, Yijun; Cao, Mi (1999). "Distribution and bioavailability of rare earth elements in aquatic microcosm". Chemosphere. 39 (14): 2443–2450. Bibcode:1999Chmsp..39.2443Y. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00172-1.
  36. ^ Alevs, Philippe V.; Vieira, Fabiano M.; Santos, Cláudia P.; Scholz, Tomáš; Luque, José L. (2015-02-12). "A Checklist of the Aspidogastrea (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) of the World". Zootaxa. 3918 (3): 339–96. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3918.3.2. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 25781098.
  37. ^ (in Chinese) Lin J. X., Zhou X. N., Li L. S., Zhang Y., Cheng Y. Z. & Zhang R. Y. (2005). 铜锈环棱螺（Bellamya aeruginosa）作为广州管圆线虫中间宿主的发现 "Bellamya aeruginosa acts as the intermediate host for Angiostrongylus cantonensis". Chinese Journal of Zoonoses 21(1): 24–26. abstract.
  38. ^ a b Lv S., Zhang Y., Steinmann P. &, Zhou X.-N. (2008). "Emerging angiostrongyliasis in mainland China". Emerging Infectious Diseases 14(1): 161–164. HTM.
  39. ^ Chai, Jong-Yil; Shin, Eun-Hee; Lee, Soon-Hyung; Rim, Han-Jong (2009). "Foodborne Intestinal Flukes in Southeast Asia". The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 47 (Suppl): S69 – S102. doi:10.3347/kjp.2009.47.S.S69. PMC 2769220. PMID 19885337.
  40. ^ a b c d e f (in Chinese) Hanfeng Z. & Jiale L. (2012). 浙江地区 3 种淡水经济贝类的营养成分分析与评价 "Analysis and Evaluation on Nutritional Components of Three Freshwater Mussels from Zhejiang Province". Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 28(2): 78–82. abstract.
  41. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  42. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
  43. ^ NACA 1989. Yu Shigang. Integrated fish farming in China Chapter 3 POND FERTILIZATION AND FISH FEEDS. Pond Fertilization. Integrated Fish Farming in China. NACA Technical Manual 7. A World Food Day Publication of the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand. 278 pp.,accessed 22 September 2009.
  44. ^ Lv, Shan; Zhang, Yi; Liu, He-Xiang; Hu, Ling; Yang, Kun; Steinmann, Peter; Chen, Zhao; Wang, Li-Ying; Utzinger, Jürg; Zhou, Xiao-Nong (2009). "Invasive Snails and an Emerging Infectious Disease: Results from the First National Survey on Angiostrongylus cantonensis in China". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 3 (2): e368. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000368. PMC 2631131. PMID 19190771.

Further reading

  • Chen, Q (1987). "A preliminary study on the population dynamics and annual production of Bellamya aeruginosa (Reeve) in lake East Lake (Wuhan)–Dong Hu, Wuhan". Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica (in Chinese). 11 (2): 117–130.
  • Qu, M. Z.; Qu, Y. F.; Ren, W. W.; Wang, Y. X.; Wu, Q. H. (2010). "The mechanism of controlling Microcystis bloom by Bellamya aeruginosa". Journal of Fudan University. 49: 301–308.
  • Xiong, Y. Q.; You, W. H. (2002). "Preliminary study on effects of SOD and catalase of Bellamya aeruginosa raised in Suzhou Creek". Journal of East China Normal University. 4: 96–101.
  • (in German) Yen T.-C. (1939). "Die chinesischen Land- und Süßwasser-Gastropoden des Natur-Museums Senckenberg". Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Frankfurt, Germany.
  • Yin, Hongbin; Cai, Yongjiu; Duan, Hongtao; Gao, Junfeng; Fan, Chengxin (2014). "Use of DGT and conventional methods to predict sediment metal bioavailability to a field inhabitant freshwater snail (Bellamya aeruginosa) from Chinese eutrophic lakes". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 264: 184–194. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.11.030. PMID 24295770.
  • Yun-Jun, Yan; Yan-Ling, Liang; Hong-Zhu, Wang (2001). "Energy flow of Bellamya aeruginosa in a shallow algal lake, Houhu Lake (Wuhan, China)". Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. 19 (3): 243–248. Bibcode:2001ChJOL..19..243Y. doi:10.1007/BF02850661. S2CID 84733383.
  • (in German) Zilch A. (1958). "Die Typen und Typoide des Natur-Museums Senckenberg, 21: Mollusca, Cyclophoridae, Craspedopominae-Cochlostominae". Archiv für Molluskenkunde 87: 53–76.

Read other articles:

Haidarabad Hazi E. A. B. High School

School in BangladeshHaidrabad Hazi E. A. B. High Schoolহায়দরাবাদ হাজী ই. এ. বি. উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়AddressHazi Eakub Ali Bhuiyan Road, Haidarabad, Muradnagar UpazilaComilla District3543BangladeshCoordinates23°45′40″N 91°01′24″E / 23.7610°N 91.0234°E / 23.7610; 91.0234InformationMottoপ্রভু জ্ঞান দাও(God give us knowledge )Established1986 (1986)FounderHazi Eakub Ali Bhui...

 

God Save Our Solomon Islands

God Save Our Solomon IslandsB. Indonesia: Tuhan Selamatkan Solomon KamiLagu kebangsaan  Kepulauan SolomonPenulis lirikPanapasa Balekana / Matila BalekanaKomponisPanapasa BalekanaPenggunaan1978 God Save Our Solomon Islands (Tuhan Selamatkan Kepulauan Solomon Kita) adalah lagu kebangsaan Kepulauan Solomon dan diperkenalkan pada 1978 sejurus setelah kemerdekaan negara tersebut. Lirik dikarang oleh Panapasa Balekana dan Matila Balekana, dan musik oleh Panapasa Balekana. Lirik God Bless ...

 

Lima puluh pence (uang logam Irlandia)

Uang logam 50 pence Irlandia Milenium Dublin Uang logam lima puluh pence (50p) (bahasa Irlandia: caoga pingin) adalah subdivisi pound Irlandia. Uang logam ini diperkenalkan di Irlandia pada 17 Februari 1970 untuk menggantikan uang logam sepuluh shilling ketika desimalisasi, dan karena konversi ini diperkenalkan satu tahun sebelum Hari Desimal pada tahun 1971. Pada 31 Mei 1988, desain khusus diedarkan untuk Milenium Dublin, meskipun Dublin diperkirakan telah didirikan oleh Viking di sekita...

William Rehnquist

William Hubbs Rehnquist (1 Oktober 1924–3 September 2005) adalah seorang pengacara Amerika Serikat yang menjadi Ketua Mahkamah Agung (Chief Justice) Amerika Serikat yang ke-16. Ia menjabat dari tahun 1986 hingga tahun 2005. Rehnquist bekerja sebagai seorang pegawai hukum bagi Hakim Robert H. Jackson dan sebagai Asisten Jaksa Agung pada masa pemerintahan Presiden Richard Nixon. Pada tahun 1971 Nixon mengangkatnya menjadi Hakim Agung di Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat. Pada 1986, Ronald Reagan...

 

Journal of Animal Ethics

Academic journal about animal ethics The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: Journal of Animal Ethics – news · newspapers · boo...

 

العلاقات الأرمنية الأوزبكستانية

العلاقات الأرمينية الأوزبكستانية أرمينيا أوزبكستان   أرمينيا   أوزبكستان تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الأرمينية الأوزبكستانية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين أرمينيا وأوزبكستان.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية �...

1848–49 United States House of Representatives elections

House elections for the 31st U.S. Congress 1848–49 United States House of Representatives elections ← 1846 & 1847 August 7, 1848 – November 6, 1849[a] 1850 & 1851 → All 233[b] seats in the United States House of Representatives117 seats needed for a majority   First party Second party   Leader Howell Cobb Robert C. Winthrop Party Democratic Whig Leader's seat Georgia 6th Massachusetts 1st Last election 110 seats 1...

 

52nd Infantry Division "Torino"

52nd Infantry Division Torino52nd Infantry Division Torino insigniaActive1940–1943Country Kingdom of ItalyBranch Royal Italian ArmyRoleInfantrySizeDivisionEngagementsWorld War IICommandersNotablecommandersUgo de CarolisInsigniaIdentificationsymbol Torino Division gorget patchesMilitary unit The 52nd Infantry Division Torino (Italian: 52ª Divisione di fanteria Torino) was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Torino was named after the city of Tu...

 

Romantic

Romanticalbum studio karya Fariz R.M.DirilisNovember 1992StudioFariz R.M. Studio, Bintaro Jaya, JakartaRagunan Sandhora Studio, TebetGenrePopDurasi27:35LabelProGram RecordsProduserFariz R.M.Sammy PaitamKronologi Fariz R.M. Balada(1992) Romantic(1992) Dongeng Negeri Cinta(1997) Singel dalam album Romantic Persimpangan Romantic adalah album keempat belas dari musisi Fariz R.M. yang dirilis pada tahun 1992 di bawah label ProGram Records. Lagu kedua dari album tersebut, Dalam Satu Cinta, digu...

Joker (film 2019)

Artikel ini perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia. Artikel ini ditulis atau diterjemahkan secara buruk dari Wikipedia bahasa Inggris. Jika halaman ini ditujukan untuk komunitas bahasa Inggris, halaman itu harus dikontribusikan ke Wikipedia bahasa Inggris. Lihat daftar bahasa Wikipedia. Artikel yang tidak diterjemahkan dapat dihapus secara cepat sesuai kriteria A2. Jika Anda ingin memeriksa artikel ini, Anda boleh menggunakan mesin penerjemah. Namun ingat, mohon tidak men...

 

Jalan Fatmawati (Jakarta)

Suasana Jalan Fatmawati saat pembangunan MRT Jakarta pada 31 Juli 2017 Kedatangan kereta Ratangga MRT Jakarta di Stasiun MRT Cipete Raya yang terletak di Jalan Fatmawati Jalan Fatmawati atau Jalan RS Fatmawati Raya adalah nama salah satu jalan utama Jakarta. Nama jalan ini diambil dari nama salah satu istri Presiden pertama Indonesia, Soekarno dan pahlawan nasional Indonesia, yaitu Fatmawati. Jalan ini membentang sepanjang 5,4 KM dari Pondok Labu, Cilandak, Jakarta Selatan sampai Pulo, Kebayo...

 

Khalsa

Prajurit khalsa Sikh. Khalsa (dalam bahasa Punjabi berarti yang murni) memiliki dua arti. Khalsa dapat mengacu kepada kelompok prajurit Sikh yang telah diinisiasi secara khusus. Khalsa juga berarti komunitas yang menganut kepercayaan Sikhisme.[1][2] Tradisi Khalsa diprakarsai pada tahun 1699 oleh Guru Sikh kesepuluh Guru Gobind Singh. Pembentukannya merupakan peristiwa penting dalam sejarah Sikhisme.[2] Pendirian khalsa dirayakan oleh orang-orang Sikh selama hari Vaisa...

John McCain

John McCain Senator Amerika Serikat dari ArizonaMasa jabatan3 Januari 1987 – 25 Agustus 2018PendahuluBarry GoldwaterPenggantiKosongKetua Komite Angkatan Bersenjata SenatMasa jabatan3 Januari 2015 – 25 Agustus 2018PendahuluCarl LevinPenggantiKosongKetua Komite Urusan Indian SenatMasa jabatan3 Januari 2005 – 3 Januari 2007PendahuluBen Nighthorse CampbellPenggantiByron DorganMasa jabatan3 Januari 1995 – 3 Januari 1997PendahuluDaniel InouyePenggantiBen ...

 

Міністерство оборони України

Міністерство оборони України (Міноборони) Емблема Міністерства оборони та Прапор Міністерства оборони Будівля Міністерства оборони у КиєвіЗагальна інформаціяКраїна  УкраїнаДата створення 24 серпня 1991Попередні відомства Міністерство оборони СРСР Народний комісарі...

 

Matteo Perego di Cremnago

Matteo Perego di Cremnago Sottosegretario di Stato al Ministero della difesaIn caricaInizio mandato2 novembre 2022 ContitolareIsabella Rauti Capo del governoGiorgia Meloni PredecessoreGiorgio MulèStefania Pucciarelli Deputato della Repubblica ItalianaDurata mandato23 marzo 2018 –12 ottobre 2022 LegislaturaXVIII GruppoparlamentareForza Italia-Berlusconi Presidente CoalizioneCentro-destra 2018 CircoscrizioneLombardia 4 Incarichi parlamentari Vice-capogruppo di Forza I...

2016年美國總統選舉

2016年美國總統選舉 ← 2012 2016年11月8日 2020 → 538個選舉人團席位獲勝需270票民意調查投票率55.7%[1][2] ▲ 0.8 %   获提名人 唐納·川普 希拉莉·克林頓 政党 共和黨 民主党 家鄉州 紐約州 紐約州 竞选搭档 迈克·彭斯 蒂姆·凱恩 选举人票 304[3][4][註 1] 227[5] 胜出州/省 30 + 緬-2 20 + DC 民選得票 62,984,828[6] 65,853,514[6]...

 

Khopoli

Place in Maharashtra, IndiaKhopoliCityMumbai Metropolitan RegionNickname: City Of WaterfallsKhopoliLocation in Maharashtra, IndiaCoordinates: 18°47′20″N 73°20′35″E / 18.789°N 73.343°E / 18.789; 73.343CountryIndiaStateMaharashtraDistrictRaigadElevation61 m (200 ft)Population (2011) • Total108,648DemonymKhopolikarLanguage • OfficialMarathiTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN410203 410204 410216Vehicle registrationMH-46 Khopo...

 

38th century BC

One hundred years, from 3800 BC to 3701 BC This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: 38th century BC – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Millennium 4th millennium BC Centuries 39th century BC 38th century...

Oliver Ellsworth

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Oliver Ellsworth – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Chief justice of the United States from 1796 to 1800 Justice Ellsworth redirects here. For other uses, see Justice Ellsworth (disambiguation)....

 

List of slapstick comedy topics

This is a list of slapstick comedy topics. Slapstick is a type of broad physical comedy involving exaggerated, boisterous actions (e.g. a pie in the face), farce, violence and activities which may exceed the boundaries of common sense.[1][2][3] Slapstick comedians The Three Stooges during the Shemp years (1947–1956), as represented in Malice in the Palace Fred Karno Roscoe Fatty Arbuckle Buster Keaton Mack Sennett Laurel and Hardy: Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy Abbott a...