Single whip law

The Single whip law or the "Single whip reform" (simplified Chinese: 一条鞭法; traditional Chinese: 一條鞭法; pinyin: Yì Tiáo Biān Fǎ) was a fiscal law first instituted during the middle Ming dynasty, in the early 16th century, and then promulgated throughout the empire in 1580 by Zhang Juzheng.[1]

The measure aimed primarily to simplify the complex fiscal code under Ming law, by commuting most obligations towards the central government — from land and poll taxes to the labour obligations of the peasantry and the tributes of prefectural and county officials — into a single silver payment, at a level based on the population and cultivated land in each prefecture. Therefore, by reducing complexity, the Single Whip law reduced the costs of tax collection, while also increasing the tax base.

The unit of tax collection was changed from rice to silver, which led to an increase in the import of silver into China from Japan and Spanish-controlled America. The Single Whip Law led to a temporary increase in European trade, but in the long term, contributed to the overthrow of the Ming dynasty by destabilizing the tax system.[2] In regions not well integrated into the network of global trade, such as along the Ming northern border, silver was more expensive, making it harder for farmers to deliver upon their tax obligations. Underfunded local governments laid off soldiers and clerks from Northern border garrisons, some of who formed rebel groups which participated in rebellions starting in the Northwest in the 1620s. In order to put down these rebellions, the Ming Court sent eunuchs to wealthy areas, such as silk-weaving Suzhou, to impose new taxes. A tax on looms pushed weavers in Suzhou to revolt, spreading riots and arson to other crowded cities.[3] With the implementation of the isolationist policy of Sakoku in Japan in the 1630s, barring foreign traders who facilitated the import of silver into China by exchanging Chinese manufactured goods such as silk, porcelain, and cotton thread in exchange for Japanese silver, the amount of silver entering China was limited. This was further exacerbated by the 1634-1636 decrease in the Spanish shipment of silver to Manila from Spanish-controlled America, which, coupled with the Ming government's decision to debase copper coinage, greatly increased the price of silver.[3][4] It was one of the factors leading to the fall of the Ming dynasty.

References

  1. ^ Flynn and Giraldez. Born with a "Silver Spoon": The Origin of World Trade in 1571.
  2. ^ Pfeffer, Richard (1973). Understanding Business Contracts in China: 1949 - 1963. ISBN 978-0-674-92095-8.
  3. ^ a b Bol, Peter K. "Global China: From the Mongols to the Ming".
  4. ^ Rossabi, Morris (2014). A History of China. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-55786-078-1.
Stub icon

This article about law in Asia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Read other articles:

Adam McMullen

American politician Adam McMullenChair of the National Governors AssociationIn officeJuly 25, 1927 – November 20, 1928Preceded byOwen BrewsterSucceeded byGeorge Dern21st Governor of NebraskaIn officeJanuary 8, 1925 – January 3, 1929LieutenantGeorge A. WilliamsPreceded byCharles W. BryanSucceeded byArthur J. WeaverMember of the Nebraska SenateIn office1917–1919Member of the Nebraska House of RepresentativesIn office1905–1909 Personal detailsBorn(1872-06-12)June 12...

 

 

العلاقات الأسترالية الكوبية

العلاقات الأسترالية الكوبية أستراليا كوبا   أستراليا   كوبا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الأسترالية الكوبية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين أستراليا وكوبا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة أ�...

 

 

A.S. Lucchese Libertas 1905

LuccheseNama lengkapAssociazione Sportiva Lucchese-Libertas SRLJulukanRossoneri (Merah-Hitam)Berdiri1905StadionStadio Porta Elisa,Lucca, Italy(Kapasitas: 7,400)KetuaCarlo BiniManajerGiancarlo FavarinLigaSerie C/A2009-10Seconda Divisione/B, 1th Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Società Sportiva Dilettantistica Lucchese 1905 atau dikenal sebagai Lucchese adalah sebuah klub sepak bola Italia bermarkas di Lucca, Toscana, dan berdiri pada 1905. Lucchese sekarang bermain di Serie D. Klub ini tampil te...

Power Lunch

Power LunchPresenterBill Griffeth(1996—kini)Sue Herera(2003—kini)Michelle Caruso-Cabrera(2002-2003)Negara asal Amerika SerikatProduksiDurasi120 menit (2 jam)Rilis asliJaringanCNBCRilis1996 –sekarang Power Lunch adalah program berita bisnis yang ditayangkan antara pukul 12:00 - 14:00 di CNBC dengan pembawa acara Bill Griffeth dan Sue Herera. Segmen Saat ini Halftime Report: Di segmen ini, pegengan atau kehilangan sektor perdagangan hari ini disorot. CNBC 101: Bob Pisani memper...

 

 

الملكية الجرمانية

الملكية الجرمانية هي أطروحة تتعلق بدور الملوك بين القبائل الجرمانية قبل المسيحية في فترة الهجرة (300 – 700 م) والعصور الوسطى المبكرة (حوالي 700 – 1000 م). تقول الأطروحة أن مؤسسة الملكية الإقطاعية تطورت، من خلال الاتصال بالإمبراطورية الرومانية والكنيسة المسيحية، من عادة سابقة لل�...

 

 

Athletics at the 2020 Summer Paralympics – Men's marathon T54

Men's marathon T54at the XVI Paralympic GamesVenueTokyo National StadiumDates5 September 2021Competitors15 from 9 nationsMedalists Marcel Hug  Switzerland Zhang Yong  China Daniel Romanchuk  United States←2016 Athletics at the2020 Summer ParalympicsTrack events100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mmenwomen1500 mmenwomen5000 mmenwomen4×100 m relaymixedRoad eventsMarathonmenwomenField eventsLong jumpmenwomenHigh jumpmenShot putmenwomenDiscus throwmenwomenJavel...

Contea di McDonough

Questa voce sull'argomento contee dell'Illinois è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Contea di McDonoughconteaLocalizzazioneStato Stati Uniti Stato federato Illinois AmministrazioneCapoluogoMacomb Data di istituzione1826 TerritorioCoordinatedel capoluogo40°27′36″N 90°40′48″W / 40.46°N 90.68°W40.46; -90.68 (Contea di McDonough)Coordinate: 40°27′36″N 90°40′48″W / 40.46°N 90.68...

 

 

Renegade (Styx song)

1979 hit song recorded by the American rock band Styx RenegadeSingle by Styxfrom the album Pieces of Eight B-sideSing for the DayReleasedMarch 1979 (US) [1]Recorded1978GenreRockLength4:15LabelA&MSongwriter(s)Tommy ShawProducer(s)StyxStyx singles chronology Sing for the Day (1979) Renegade (1979) Babe (1979) Red vinyl pressingLimited edition release Renegade is a 1979 hit song recorded by the American rock band Styx on their Pieces of Eight album. Although songwriter Tommy Shaw and...

 

 

大字 (数字)

この項目には、一部のコンピュータや閲覧ソフトで表示できない文字が含まれています（詳細）。 数字の大字（だいじ）は、漢数字の一種。通常用いる単純な字形の漢数字（小字）の代わりに同じ音の別の漢字を用いるものである。 概要 壱万円日本銀行券（「壱」が大字） 弐千円日本銀行券（「弐」が大字） 漢数字には「一」「二」「三」と続く小字と、「壱」「�...

Aribert (archbishop of Milan)

Statue of Aribert, Intimiano, Lombardy, Italy Aribert (or Heribert) (Italian: Ariberto da Intimiano, Lombard: Aribert de Intimian) (Intimiano, between 970 and 980 – Milan, 16 January 1045) was the archbishop of Milan from 1018,[1] a quarrelsome warrior-bishop in an age in which such figures were not uncommon.[2] Biography The Carroccio of Milan on an ancient miniature Aribert went to Konstanz in June 1025, with other bishops of Northern Italy, to pay homage to Conrad II of ...

 

 

Amber Barrett

Irish association football player (1996) Amber Barrett Playing for Köln in October 2020Personal informationFull name Amber Barrett[1]Date of birth (1996-01-16) 16 January 1996 (age 28)Place of birth Milford, County Donegal, IrelandHeight 1.66 m (5 ft 5 in)[1]Position(s) ForwardTeam informationCurrent team Standard LiègeNumber 9Youth career Lagan Harps FCSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2015–2019 Peamount United 2019–2022 1. FC Köln 48 (16)2022–20...

 

 

John Hallowell

American football player and businessman (1878–1927) John White HallowellUnited States Food AdministrationBornDecember 24, 1878Nöddebo Medford, Massachusetts, U.S.DiedJanuary 5, 1927Milton, Massachusetts, U.S.EducationHarvardOccupation(s)Businessman, Football Player John White Hallowell (December 24, 1878 – January 5, 1927) was a prominent American businessman and football player. He played college football at Harvard University and was a consensus All-American at the end position in bot...

Feudalism in England

English feudalismHarold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci(Bayeux Tapestry) FiefEcclesiastical fiefCrown landAllodial titleAppanageVassalFeoffmentSeignorySubinfeudationFeoffeeFealtyHomageAffinityFeudal maintenanceFeudal fragmentationBastard feudalismLivery Manorialism Lord of the manorManorial courtManor house (List)DemesneGlebeOverlordLordPeasantSerfdomFree tenant Feudal land tenure in England Land tenureEnglish feudal baronyFeudal baronKnight's feeKnight-serviceBaronagePeerageSerjeantyCopyhol...

 

 

Léon Blum

French politician (1872–1950) For the lawn bowler, see Leon Blum (bowls). Léon BlumBlum in 1936Prime Minister of FranceIn office16 December 1946 – 22 January 1947PresidentVincent AuriolPreceded byGeorges BidaultSucceeded byPaul RamadierIn office13 March 1938 – 10 April 1938PresidentAlbert LebrunDeputyÉdouard DaladierPreceded byCamille ChautempsSucceeded byÉdouard DaladierIn office4 June 1936 – 22 June 1937PresidentAlbert LebrunDeputyÉdouard DaladierPrece...

 

 

Pomerania during the High Middle Ages

The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints. Please improve the article or discuss the issue. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series on the History of Pomerania Early history Early Middle Ages High Middle Ages Late Middle Ages Early Modern Age 1806–1933 1933–1945 1945–present Poland portal Germany portalvte Pomerania during the High Middle Ages covers the history of Pomerania in the 12th and 13th cent...

Drumheller Fountain

Fountain in Seattle, Washington, U.S. Drumheller FountainLocationSeattle, Washington Drumheller Fountain is an outdoor fountain on the University of Washington campus in Seattle, Washington, in the United States.[1] The fountain was given its name in 1961 to honor the University Regent Joseph Drumheller, who gifted the central fountain machinery to the University for its centennial celebration.[2] A duck ramp, built for the spring of 2021, attached to Drumheller Fountain. Sinc...

 

 

Ruger American Pistol

Semi-automatic pistol Ruger American Pistol TypeSemi-automatic pistolPlace of originUnited StatesProduction historyManufacturerSturm, Ruger & Co.Unit cost$579 (MSRP)[1][2]Produced2015–presentVariantsCompact and Full size pro model and External Thumb safety version.SpecificationsCartridge 9mm Luger .45 ACP ActionShort recoilRate of firesemi-automaticFeed system17-round or 10-round magazines and 12-round or 10-round magazines for compact pisto...

 

 

Radial Mountain

American mountain in Colorado Radial MountainThe mountain in October, 2022Highest pointElevation3,428 m (11,247 ft)[1]Prominence427 m (1,401 ft)[2]Isolation6.11 km (3.80 mi)[2]Coordinates40°21′34.39″N 106°3′7.19″W / 40.3595528°N 106.0519972°W / 40.3595528; -106.0519972[1]GeographyRadial MountainThe peak's location in Colorado LocationGrand and Jackson counties in ColoradoParent rangeRabbit E...

Kirk–Holden war

Struggle against the Ku Klux Klan in North Carolina, U.S. Kirk–Holden warDateJuly–November 1870LocationNorth Carolina, United States; particularly Caswell and Alamance countiesTypePolice operationCause Violence and intimidation caused by Ku Klux Klan activity Murders of Wyatt Outlaw and John W. Stephens MotiveSuppression of the KlanOrganised byNorth Carolina Governor William Woods HoldenColonel George Washington KirkOutcome Suppression of Klan activity in Alamance and Caswell counties Imp...

 

 

Queen's Harvest

Dungeons & Dragons adventure module Queen's HarvestCodeB12TSR product code9261Rules requiredDungeons & DragonsCharacter levels1 - 3Campaign settingMystaraAuthorsCarl SargentFirst published1989Linked modulesB1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B1-9, B10, B11, B12, BSOLO Queen's Harvest is a 1989 adventure module for the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game. Queen's Harvest picks up the story where B11 King's Festival left off; it can be played as a sequel to that adventure or by its...