Simon Girty (November 14, 1741 – February 18, 1818) was an American, Pennsylvania-born frontiersman. As a child he and his brothers James and George were captured and adopted by Native Americans. During the American Revolutionary War, after attempting to join the Pennsylvania Continental Army he became a Loyalist and an agent of the British Indian Department, serving as a guide and interpreter with indigenous warriors who fought against American troops.[1] He played a similar role during the Northwest Indian War.[2][3][4]
Girty was also known by his Seneca Nation name, Katepacomen, [a] and the nickname "Renegade Girty."
Early life
Simon Girty was born to Simon Girtee and Mary Newton near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Girtee, a staunch Loyalist, was listed as a licensed Indian trader in 1740[6] and arrived in Pennsylvania sometime in the 1730s from Ireland. During his tenure operating a trading post, Girtee and Mary had four sons: Thomas, Simon, James, and George sometime between 1739–1746.[citation needed]
In 1750, a two year long complaint lodged by the Six Nations met its culmination, white settlers were illegally trespassing on Six Nations land and erecting homes, fences and other structures, the government sent Richard Peters of Philadelphia and Conrad Weiser and an Indian interpreter to consult with magistrates at Carlisle and have the trespassers removed. In 1748, Pennsylvania sent Conrad Weiser to Logstown, a council and trade village on the Ohio River. Here he held council with chiefs representing 10 tribes, including the Lenape, Shawnee, and the six nations of the Iroquois. Threatened by this development and the continued activity of British traders in the Ohio Valley, the French redoubled their diplomatic efforts, however in 1750, when Weiser traveled again to Onondaga, he found that the political dynamics in the Six Nations had shifted. Canasatego, always pro-British, had died. Some Iroquois tribes were leaning toward the French, although the Mohawk remained loyal to the Crown.
The magistrate reported that the trespassers had been at Sherman’s creek about six miles over the mountain, and found there James Parker, Thomas Parker, Owen McKeil, John McClare, Richard Kirkpatrick, James Murray, John Scott, Henry Glass, John Cowan, Simon Girtee, and John Kilgore, all who had settled lands and erected cabins or log houses there; and having convicted them of trespassing had them give bonds to appear at court to answer for their trespasses.
“The said trespassers had likewise given bonds in the sum of five hundred penalty to remove immediately with all their servants, cattle and effects, and had delivered possession of their homes to Mr. George Stevenson for the proprietor's use, and that Mr. Stevenson had ordered some of the meanest of the cabins set on fire.”
In December 1750, after being forcefully relocated to the Conococheague settlement, Girtee and Samuel Sanders (or Saunders) in what historical accounts refer to as a "drunken braw" fought which ended with Girtee's death.
Three years after Girtee was killed, his wife Mary married John Turner. She and her young sons, who were uneducated, did not know how to spell and listed the spelling of their name phonetically as "Girty".
In 1756, Girty, his mother and step-father, and his brothers Thomas, George and James were taken captive by a Shawnee war band after an attack on Fort Granville.[7] Girty's step-father was tortured to death,[8] and Simon Girty was transferred to the Seneca tribe, where at the age of 15, he underwent a rite of passage and was given his Indian name, Katepacomen.[citation needed]
Adolescence
Simon Girty, "the White Savage," etching from Thomas Boyd's 1928 book by the same title.[9]
Simon Girty lived with Guyasuta of the Mingo and Seneca for seven years. He was returned to the British in November 1764, during a prisoner exchange after the end of Pontiac's War, but upon going back to Pennsylvania he immediately returned to his former tribe, who had to convince him to leave.[citation needed]
On October 17, 1764, British commander Henry Bouquet demanded that the Ohio Indians return all captives, including those not yet returned from the French and Indian War. Chief Guyasuta and other native leaders reluctantly handed over more than 200 captives, many of whom had been adopted into native families. On November 14, 1764, Simon Girty returned to the British after a prisoner exchange, and resurfaced near Fort Pitt. Simon Girty was fluent in the Algonquian language dialects, but due to his full immersion and upbringing in the native tribal culture, he was unable to read and write in English upon his return.
Lord Dunmore's War and American Revolution
Girty, a former interpreter, briefly served as a messenger for Earl Dunmore in Lord Dunmore's War in 1774. Nervous about his personal safety, Dunmore stopped at Fort Pitt instead of meeting Colonel Andrew Lewis. There he commissioned two men to deliver a correspondence to Colonel Lewis: the first man was local British loyalist-Indian interpreter and trader Simon Girty, whom he commissioned as a Lieutenant; Girty's companion was Simon Kenton. Upon returning back to Fort Pitt, Girty accompanied Dunmore briefly to Fort Gowen. This period, which lasted less than one year, was the only period in which Girty was officially employed in the militia. Girty saw no combat, he did not participate in the Battle of Point Pleasant, and his name does not appear on the list of veterans.[10] Shortly before departing back to Pennsylvania, in the presence of Major William Crawford, Girty attempted to receive compensation from Colonel Lewis for delivering the letter on behalf of Lord Dunmore. Colonel Lewis refused, and ordered him out of his tent.
After the Battle of Point Pleasant ended, and Major Crawford returned to Fort Pitt, Girty attempted to marry Crawford's daughter and frequented Crawford's residence multiple times. Crawford rejected the proposal,[11] and shortly thereafter, Girty deserted his post at Fort Pitt, perhaps in part due to growing hostilities between the Colonials and the Tories. In 1775 or 1776, Girty's application for service in the Eighth Regiment of the Pennsylvania Continental Army was rejected.[12]
Arrest Warrant for High Treason
By April 20, 1778, Girty had reached Detroit, which was then in British North America. There Governor Henry Hamilton employed him at sixteen shillings a day (~$13,065 in 2023).[citation needed]
On June 17, 1778 the United States of America issued a warrant for his arrest for High Treason.[13] Simon, James, and George Girty, along with Alexander McKee and Matthew Elliot, were now considered outlaws and traitors to the United States. Immediately before or after publication of the arrest warrants, McKee and Elliot left Pennsylvania for the Six Nations. Pennsylvania placed a $800 bounty on Simon Girty's head for inciting murder against fellow Americans, and acting as an agent for the British.[14]
Siege of Fort Laurens
On February 22, 1779 - March 1779, Simon Girty accompanied British Captain Bird and warriors of the Wyandot, Mingo, Munsee, and Delaware in the siege to Fort Laurens.[15]
Ambush on convoy
On October 1, 1779, Girty and Alexander McKee, leading a large band of Indian warriors, ambushed a peaceful convoy of provisions which had been procured by American states from the Spanish in New Orleans. Girty's forces ambushed the convoy near Dayton, Kentucky, across the Ohio River from Cincinnati, Ohio. Only a handful of the one hundred survived, among them Colonel John Campbell and Captain Robert Benham.[citation needed]
Torture and murder of Colonel William Crawford
Girty is alleged to have been involved in the torture and murder of Colonel William Crawford, Girty's former commander. On June 11, 1782, Crawford surrendered after a three-week battle against the Delaware Indians of the Wingenim tribe known as the Sandusky expedition. Crawford's surgeon, Dr. John Knight, was also captured. Dr. Knight, in letters and testimony before the Continental Congress, detailed conversations he had with Crawford before he died.
There has been controversy around the details of Crawford's torture and murder. Reports of Girty's role differ significantly.
According to some accounts, Girty lied and informed Crawford that he would do his best to see to the release of Crawford and five other prisoners still living. Initially, Girty acted as though Crawford could be released as a gesture of comradery. However, upon a full inspection of the Wingenim tribal village, Knight recalled seeing four prisoners scalped and dead laying on the ground. Knight recalled the identity of one killed prisoner, Lieutenant John McKinley, a former officer in the 13th Virginia Regiment, whose head had been cut off and kicked around by the warriors. Shortly thereafter Girty and Chief Pipe led them to a fire pit where Girty ordered Colonel Crawford to be stripped naked at the fire and beaten with sticks and fists as he was tied to hickory poles six to seven yards from the fire. Next, Girty ordered burning logs to be placed on Crawford's skin, followed by ordering the warriors to cut off his ears. In a plea for death amidst the extreme torture, Crawford yelled at Girty to shoot him – to which Girty rejected and "laughed heartily and by all gestures seemed delighted at the horrid scene," stating he did not have a gun. Girty then was observed by Knight to order the warriors to shoot Crawford with only powder shots, which caused the flesh to burn. After over 70 blanks were shot at Crawford, he finally succumbed to death over two hours later. Girty then scalped Crawford and continuously placed his scalp in Knight’s face and mouth, saying, "That was my great captain." Girty expressed to Knight that "He swore to by God, I need not expect to escape death, but should suffer it in all its extremities."[16][17]
20th-century historians have noted potential bias in this account. Daniel Barr's 1998 scholarly paper states that Hugh Henry Breckinridge, a frontier author, made "subtle alterations" to eyewitness statements which had the effect of presenting both the Indians and Simon Girty in particular "in a profoundly negative manner."[18][19] Philip W. Hoffman's 2009 biography sttes that newspapers of the era sensationalized the incident. Hoffman makes no mention of Girty directing the torture and killing of Crawford and notes that Girty had a history of consistently acting on behalf of white prisoners who were threatened by torture and death.[20]
Ambush on Bryan Station and Battle of Blue Licks
On August 19, 1782, Simon Girty, under the command of William Caldwell, along with about 300 Shawnee natives and British Canadians, attacked Bryan Station. Three days later, his band ambushed Daniel Boone and Colonel Todd at the Battle of Blue Licks. Girty's conduct was described by a veteran of the battle to be "the unusual scene of torturing the wounded and prisoners following the defeat."[21] Girty's character was also described in this battle to be the "most discouraging stroke to that infant settlement." Both Todd and Boone were in Lord Dunmore's War in 1774.[22]
Northwest Indian War
After the American Revolutionary War, Girty was involved in resistance to American westward expansion. During the Northwest Indian War, he commanded indigenous forces participating in the defeat of expeditions led by U.S. Generals Josiah Harmar (1790) and Arthur St. Clair (1791).[23][24]
Post Indian Wars
After the end of the war, Simon Girty settled in Upper Canada (now Ontario) along with other Loyalists and Indian allies of the British, such as nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. They were granted land by the British Crown in recognition of their service during the war. He retired to his farm near Fort Malden (present-day Amherstburg, Ontario) prior to the outbreak of the War of 1812. Girty's son was killed in that conflict, reportedly while trying to rescue a wounded British officer from the battlefield.[citation needed]
Modern historical accounts of Simon Girty (largely from Canadian biographers) falsely portray Girty as a servant of the world who rose up against the tyrannical Colonial government for a higher cause. Such accounts include "Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior" by Edward Butts (2011),[25] "Simon Girty: His War on the Frontier" (1999)[citation needed] and "Simon Girty: Interpreter and Intermediary" (1989).[citation needed]
Popular myths account for three people who claimed they were Simon Girty. One Simon Girty fled to Canada; one Simon Girty was said to have been killed with Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames, and one Simon Girty was said to have been killed in Pocahontas, Virginia.[26]
Girty is sympathetically portrayed in historical writer Allan Eckert's The Frontiersmen (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1967) and That Dark and Bloody River (New York: Bantam, 1995), however, Eckert's use of invented dialogue and filling historical gaps with conjecture tends to damage his credibility.[27]
Girty, along with his brothers, is vilified in novelist Zane Grey's frontier trilogy series, Betty Zane, The Spirit of the Border and The Last Trail. In The Spirit of the Border, Grey made Girty and his brother James directly responsible for the Gnadenhutten massacre.[14]
Girty is featured as one of the jury members in Stephen Vincent Benét's 1936 short story "The Devil and Daniel Webster" and in the 1941 movie of the same title. Benét describes Girty as “Simon Girty, the renegade, who saw white men burned at the stake, and whooped with the Indians to see them burn. His eyes were green like a catamount’s, and the stains on his hunting shirt did not come from the blood of the deer.”[14][28]
Girty is the main character in Timothy Truman's two volume graphic novel, Wilderness: The True Story of Simon Girty the Renegade (Lancaster, PA: Four Winds Publishing, 1989-1990).[27]
Girty decision to fight on behalf of Native Americans is the inspiration for the 2002 song, "Simon Girty's Decision," by Indigenous poet, composer and instrumentalist Todd Tamanend Clark.[29]
Notes
^Girty was also referred to as Katepacomen, which was reputed to be an Indian name, but may simply have been an American invention, as was often the case with early historical anecdotes, since no such name or term appears to exist in the most likely native languages: Shawnee, Wyandot, Lenape or Haudenosaunee.[5]
^Hoffman, Phillip W (2009). Simon Girty: Turncoat Hero. Franklin, Tennessee: Flying Camp Press. p. 171. ISBN978-0-984-2256-3-7.
^Faragher, John Mack (1992). Daniel Boone: The Life and Legend of an American Pioneer. New York, New York: Henry Holt & Company LLC. ISBN978-0-80503007-5.
^Riddell, William Renwick. "Two Incidents of Revolutionary Time"(digital). Northwestern University. f Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. pp. 231–232. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
^Riddell, William Renwick. "Two Incidents of Revolutionary Time"(digital). Northwestern University. f Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. pp. 231–232. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
Boyd, Thomas (1928), Simon Girty: The White Savage, New York{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Brown, Parker B. (January 1987), "The Historical Accuracy of the Captivity Narrative of Doctor John Knight", The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 53–67
Butterfield, Consul Willshire (1950), History of the Girtys: Being a Concise Account of the Girty Brothers—Thomas, Simon, James and George, Columbus, O.H: Long's College Book Co.
Eckert, Allan W. (1995), That Dark And Bloody River, Bantam
Hoffman, Phillip W. (2009), Simon Girty: Turncoat Hero: The Most Hated Man on the Early American Frontier, Franklin, Tennessee: Flying Camp Press
Lough, Glenn D. (1969), Now and long ago: a history of the Marion County area, Morgantown, W. Va.: Printed by Morgantown Print. and Binding Co.
Calloway, Collin (1989), "Simon Girty: Interpreter and Intermediary", in Clifton, James A. (ed.), Being and Becoming Indian: Biographical Studies of North American Frontiers, Chicago: Dorsey, pp. 38–58
Ferling, John (1999), "Simon Girty", in Garraty, John A.; Carnes, Mark C. (eds.), American National Biography, New York: Oxford University Press
Leighton, Douglas. "Simon Girty". Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, 1983.
