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1925	Yunnan–Guangxi War; May Thirtieth Movement
1925–1926	Anti-Fengtian War; Canton–Hong Kong strike
1926	Zhongshan Warship Incident
1926–1928	Northern Expedition; Nanjing–Wuhan Split; Nationalist-Communist Civil War
1927	Nanking incident of 1927
1927	Shanghai Commune of 1927
1927	Shanghai massacre
1927	July 15 Incident
1927–1930	Muslim conflict in Gansu
1928	Jinan incident; Huanggutun incident; Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum; Northeast Flag Replacement
1928–1929	Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
1929	Chiang-Gui War; Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong (incl. Beijing Revolt); Sino-Soviet conflict
1930	Central Plains War
1930–1932	Sino-Tibetan War / Qinghai–Tibet War
1931–1935	Kumul Rebellion / Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
1932	Han–Liu War
1932	Two-Liu war
1934	War in Ningxia

1911–1914	Bai Lang Rebellion
1913	Second Revolution
1915	Twenty-One Demands
1915–1916	Empire of China (Yuan Shikai); National Protection War
1916	Death of Yuan Shikai
1917	Manchu Restoration
1917–1922	Constitutional Protection Movement
1917–1929	Golok rebellions
1918–1920	Siberian intervention
1919	Paris Peace Conference; Shandong Problem; May Fourth Movement
1919–1921	Occupation of Outer Mongolia
1920	Zhili–Anhui War
1920–1921	Guangdong–Guangxi War
1920–1926	Spirit Soldier rebellions
1921	1st National CPC Congress
1921–1922	Washington Naval Conference
1922	First Zhili–Fengtian War
1923–1927	First United Front
1923	Lincheng Outrage
1924	Second Zhili–Fengtian War; Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising; Beijing Coup

Provisional Municipal Government of the Special City of Shanghai
上海特别市临时市政府
Provisional Municipal Government of the Special City of Shanghai 上海特别市临时市政府
	; Location of Shanghai within the Republic of China
Capital	Shanghai
Historical era	Northern Expedition
• Established	22 March 1927
• Disestablished	1 April 1927

The Provisional Municipal Government of the Special City of Shanghai (Chinese: 上海特别市临时市政府; pinyin: Shànghǎi Tèbiéshì Línshí Shìzhèngfǔ), also known as the Shanghai Civil Government (Chinese: 上海市民政府; pinyin: Shànghǎishì Mínlínshí) or Shanghai Commune, was a provisional administration that briefly governed the city of Shanghai during the Northern Expedition. Established by people's committees with the assistance of Chen Duxiu, Zhou Enlai, and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),^[1] the commune briefly administered the city of Shanghai before its forceful dissolution by order of Chiang Kai-shek. The dissolution of the Shanghai Commune would lead to the 1927 Shanghai massacre, and the onset of the Chinese Civil War.

Background

As Shanghai held a large industrial base, the CCP, who were influenced by the events of the October Revolution, viewed Shanghai as a natural base for a worker's uprising in China.^[1] By 1927, popular opposition to the control of local warlords, combined with the growing military successes of the First United Front encouraged local organs of the CCP to overthrow the local administration, leading to two separate armed uprisings between January and early March 1927.^[2]

Formation

During a general strike on March 22, 1927, Chen Duxiu and Zhou Enlai^[3] would lead a group of 5,000 armed workers in the city's third armed uprising.^[1] After seizing the city by 6pm, they, along with Soviets organized by strikers, established the Shanghai Provisional Municipal Government along the lines of the Paris Commune.^[4] During the meeting, 19 members were elected to the municipal government, with 9 representatives from the CCP, and 9 from the various factions of the Kuomintang.^[5]

Dissolution

After receiving word of its formation, Chiang Kai-shek demanded that the Shanghai Commune be dissolved, and appointed Right KMT officials as heads of a future provincial government. Chen Duxiu would then hold a meeting with members of the CCP, including Zhou Enlai, preparing for conflict with Chiang Kai-shek. However, the municipal government would have to garner support in resistance against Chiang from both the Kuomintang's Left Faction, and the Communist International. As a result, the Comintern's actions in China would be criticized both by some within the Soviet Union, such as Leon Trotsky,^[6] and by retrospective scholars.^[7] Troops loyal to Chiang would ultimately enter the city on April 12, and dissolve the commune.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Yuqi, Chen (2007). "谁扼杀了上海的巴黎公社" [Who killed Shanghai's Paris Commune?]. 论陈独秀 [On Chen Duxiu] (in Chinese). China: Association for the Promotion of Marxist Studies.
^ 中共中央党史研究室, (Party History Research Office of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) (April 2, 2013). "上海工人三次武装起义" [The Three Armed Uprisings of Shanghai Workers]. Research Institute on Party History and Literature of the Communist Party of China's Central Committee (in Chinese). Retrieved September 1, 2023.
^ 中国共产党新闻网, (Chinese Communist Party News Network) (May 8, 2020). "上海工人举行第三次武装起义" [Staging of the Third Armed Uprising of Shanghai Workers]. All-China Federation of Trade Unions.
^ Shu, Jin (2008). "上海工人三次武装起义中的巴黎公社元素" [Elements of the Paris Commune in the Three Armed Uprisings of Shanghai Workers]. Party Literature (in Chinese) (5) – via China University of Geosciences.
^ Li, Tiangang. "上海市民自治運動的終結" [The End of the Shanghai Citizen's Autonomy Movement] (PDF). Chinese University of Hong Kong (in Chinese). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2015. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
^ Trotsky, Leon (1967). "The Chinese Revolution and the Theses of Comrade Stalin". Problems of the Chinese Revolution (1927-1931). University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472061310.
^ Saich, Tony (September 14, 2015). "The Chinese Communist Party during the Era of the Comintern (1919-1945)" (PDF) – via Institute of World Politics.