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Shandong Peninsula
(Shantung Peninsula)
Shandong Peninsula; (Shantung Peninsula)
	The Shandong Peninsula (red) on an administrative map of eastern China
Simplified Chinese	山东半岛
Traditional Chinese	山東半島
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Shāndōng Bàndǎo
Wade–Giles	Shan-tung Pan-tao
Jiaodong Peninsula; (Chiaotung Peninsula)
Simplified Chinese	胶东半岛
Traditional Chinese	膠東半島
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Jiāodōng Bàndǎo
Wade–Giles	Chiao-tung Pan-tao

The Shandong (Shantung) Peninsula or Jiaodong (Chiaotung) Peninsula is a peninsula in Shandong in eastern China, between the Bohai Sea to the north and the Yellow Sea to the south. The latter name refers to the east and Jiaozhou.^[1]

Geography

The waters bordering the peninsula are Laizhou Bay to the northwest, which opens into the Bohai Sea to the north, which in turn passes through the Bohai Strait to the northeast into the Yellow Sea to the east and south. The peninsula's territory comprises three prefecture-level cities of Shandong: Qingdao in the southwest, Yantai in the north and centre, and Weihai at the eastern tip.

Shandong Peninsula is the largest peninsula in China. Stretching into the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, it is 290 kilometers long from east to west, 190 kilometers wide from north to south, and 50 kilometers narrow. The total area of Shandong Peninsula is 73,000 square kilometers.

Geologically it was once connected to the Korean Peninsula and the Liaodong Peninsula, but was split starting around 27 Ma ago, resulting in the formation of the Yellow Sea.^[2]

History

In the Paleolithic, the Shandong Peninsula area was covered by forest. In the Neolithic, about 7,000 years ago, a large number of Dongyi people inhabited the peninsula. The Dongyi had their own kingdom called the State of Lai. The peninsula later belonged to the State of Qi. The Qi built the Great Wall of Qi, which is partially on the peninsula. During the Han dynasty, the peninsula belonged to the semi-independent feudatory Jiaodong Kingdom.

The Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory was a leased territory of the German Empire from 1898 to 1914 located around Jiaozhou Bay, where the village of Qingdao (Tsingtao) developed into a major seaport.

Japan seized the territory from Germany in 1914 in the First World War. In the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, Germany lost Qingdao and its sphere of influence in Shandong. Instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area, the treaty transferred the leased territory to the Empire of Japan. This resulted in popular dissatisfaction in China with the outcome, known as the Shandong Problem, and led to the May Fourth Movement. Eventually, Shandong was reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after mediation by the United States during the Washington Naval Conference. However, Japan retained economic influence in the area.

Due to geographical reasons, the Shandong Peninsula is closely connected with Northeast China and South Korea. Historically, a large number of people migrated to the Northeast by boat, whereas in the present day many people from the Northeast "return" to the Shandong Peninsula. After the People's Republic of China established diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, a large number of South Korean companies also set up factories in the region. There are more than 200,000 Koreans living in the Shandong Peninsula. South Korea has a consulate-general in Qingdao.

Climate

Shandong Peninsula is surrounded by sea on three sides and has a monsoon climate with four distinct seasons (Köppen: Cwa/Dwa). Due to maritime influence, the climate is relatively mild, in both summer and winter.

Climate data for Qingdao (1991–2020 normals)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	12.9 (55.2)	19.6 (67.3)	21.5 (70.7)	25.2 (77.4)	34.2 (93.6)	34.4 (93.9)	37.4 (99.3)	34.3 (93.7)	33.2 (91.8)	28.4 (83.1)	22.1 (71.8)	16.2 (61.2)	37.4 (99.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	3.4 (38.1)	5.6 (42.1)	10.0 (50.0)	15.7 (60.3)	21.1 (70.0)	24.3 (75.7)	27.6 (81.7)	28.7 (83.7)	25.8 (78.4)	20.2 (68.4)	12.8 (55.0)	5.9 (42.6)	16.8 (62.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)	0.2 (32.4)	2.1 (35.8)	6.2 (43.2)	11.6 (52.9)	17.1 (62.8)	20.8 (69.4)	24.7 (76.5)	25.6 (78.1)	22.3 (72.1)	16.6 (61.9)	9.5 (49.1)	2.7 (36.9)	13.3 (55.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−2.4 (27.7)	−0.6 (30.9)	3.4 (38.1)	8.7 (47.7)	14.1 (57.4)	18.5 (65.3)	22.7 (72.9)	23.4 (74.1)	19.5 (67.1)	13.7 (56.7)	6.7 (44.1)	0.1 (32.2)	10.7 (51.2)
Record low °C (°F)	−14.3 (6.3)	−12.1 (10.2)	−6.2 (20.8)	−1.6 (29.1)	6.1 (43.0)	12.0 (53.6)	13.6 (56.5)	16.3 (61.3)	10.1 (50.2)	1.9 (35.4)	−7.2 (19.0)	−11.3 (11.7)	−14.3 (6.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	10.3 (0.41)	15.7 (0.62)	18.0 (0.71)	34.0 (1.34)	64.1 (2.52)	70.7 (2.78)	159.1 (6.26)	159.6 (6.28)	69.4 (2.73)	35.5 (1.40)	35.2 (1.39)	14.8 (0.58)	686.4 (27.02)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	2.8	4.0	4.6	6.5	7.7	8.7	11.6	10.9	7.2	5.3	5.2	3.6	78.1
Average snowy days	3.8	3.3	1.6	0.2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.7	2.7	12.3
Average relative humidity (%)	63	65	65	67	71	82	86	82	71	64	64	63	70
Mean monthly sunshine hours	160.4	164.9	208.6	219.1	234.3	186.0	168.3	194.5	201.1	202.1	163.4	158.5	2,261.2
Percent possible sunshine	52	53	56	56	54	43	38	47	55	59	54	53	52
Average ultraviolet index	2	3	5	7	9	9	10	9	7	5	3	1	6
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration^[3]^[4]
Source 2: Weather China^[5] Weather Atlas (UV index)^[6]