In Punjabi folk cosmology, the universe is divided into three realms:[2]
English
Punjabi
Inhabitants
Sky
Akash
Dev Lok (Angels)
Earth
Dharti
Matlok (Humans)
Underworld
Naglok
Nagas (Serpents)
Devlok is the realm of the gods, saints and ancestors, existing in akash, the sky.
A Shaheed can be martyred and hence achieve sainthood or can become a saint in the afterlife.
Although not part of organised religion, Shaheed Shrines only form part of Sikh and Muslim folk religion. However, such shrines are respected by all faiths.
Sikhs prefer to use the term Shaheed "jaggah" (but sometimes also use the term "smadh") whereas Muslims also use the term dargah or mazaar for such shrines if the shrine is near a grave. Muslim Shaheed Shrines typically represent Sufi saints.
The Hindus equivalent of Shaheeds are Siddhs of the Siddha tradition. Siddha shrines are either referred to as Mandirs or Samadhs.
Worship
Saint worship in shrines is common in the Punjab region.[3] People of all faiths attend and venerate shrines in honour of saints.
These shrines represent sources of power (barkat) to the common people and are open to people from all religious persuasions. The shrines can be at the final resting places of the saints (dargahs) or ‘memorial shrines’. [4] These memorial shrines have evolved into a distinct form of ‘saint worship’.[5] These shrines represent inter-communal dialogue and a distinct form of cultural practice of saint veneration.
^Sandip Singh Chohan, Thesis for the University of Wolverhampton: The Phenomenon of possession and exorcism in North India and amongst the Punjabi Diaspora in Wolverhampton [1]
^[2] Centre for Sikh Studies, University of California. Journal of Punjab Studies Fall 2004 Vol 11, No.2 H.S.Bhatti and D.M. Michon: Folk Practice in Punjab
^ Replicating Memory, Creating Images: Pirs and Dargahs in Popular Art and Media of Contemporary East Punjab Landscape of Popular ‘Pirs’ Yogesh Snehi[3]
^Historicity, Orality and ‘Lesser Shrines’: Popular Culture and Change at the Dargah of Panj Pirs at Abohar,” in Sufism in Punjab: Mystics, Literature and Shrines, ed. Surinder Singh and Ishwar Dayal Gaur (New Delhi: Aakar, 2009), 402-429
^A Glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab & North-West Frontier Province, H.A.Rose, Ibbeston, Maclagan
