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Foxtail
	Setaria parviflora in Hawai'i
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Poaceae
Subfamily:	Panicoideae
Supertribe:	Panicodae
Tribe:	Paniceae
Subtribe:	Cenchrinae
Genus:	Setaria; P.Beauv. 1812, conserved name not Ach. ex Michx. 1803 (a lichen)
Type species
	Setaria viridis; (L.) P.Beauv.
Synonyms
	Acrochaete Peter; Chaetochloa Scribn.; Cymbosetaria Schweick.; Camusiella Bosser; Tansaniochloa Rauschert;

Setaria is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family.^[5]^[6] The name is derived from the Latin word seta, meaning "bristle" or "hair", which refers to the bristly spikelets.^[7]

The genus includes over 100 species distributed in many tropical and temperate regions around the world,^[8] and members are commonly known as foxtail or bristle grasses.^[2]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

Description

The grass is topped by a cylindrical long-haired head, which tend to droop when ripe. The seeds are less than 6 millimetres (1⁄4 inch) in length.^[14]

Species

As of May 2024^[update], Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:^[15]

Setaria adhaerens (Forssk.) Chiov.
Setaria albovillosa (S.T.Blake) R.D.Webster
Setaria alonsoi Pensiero & A.M.Anton
Setaria ankarensis (A.Camus) ined.
Setaria apiculata (Scribn. & Merr.) K.Schum.
Setaria appendiculata (Hack.) Stapf
Setaria arizonica Rominger
Setaria atrata Hack.
Setaria australiensis (Scribn. & Merr.) Vickery – scrub pigeon grass
Setaria austrocaledonica (Balansa) A.Camus
Setaria aversa (Vickery) R.D.Webster
Setaria barbata (Lam.) Kunth – bristly foxtail grass, corn grass, Mary grass
Setaria barbinodis R.A.W.Herrm.
Setaria basiclada (Hughes) R.D.Webster
Setaria bathiei A.Camus
Setaria bosseri A.Camus
Setaria brigalow R.D.Webster
Setaria brownii Desv.
Setaria carinata S.Nozawa & Pensiero
Setaria cernua Kunth
Setaria chapmanii (Vasey) Pilg.
Setaria chondrachne (Steud.) Honda
Setaria clementii (Domin) R.D.Webster
Setaria clivalis (Ridl.) Veldkamp
Setaria constricta (Domin) R.D.Webster
Setaria cordobensis R.A.W.Herrm.
Setaria corrugata (Elliott) Schult.
Setaria criniformis (S.T.Blake) R.D.Webster
Setaria desertorum (A.Rich.) Morrone
Setaria dielsii R.A.W.Herrm.
Setaria distans (Trin.) Veldkamp
Setaria distantiflora (A.Rich.) Pilg.
Setaria elegantula (Mez) Morat
Setaria faberi R.A.W.Herrm. – giant foxtail, Chinese foxtail
Setaria fiebrigii R.A.W.Herrm.
Setaria finita Launert
Setaria flavida (Retz.) Veldkamp
Setaria forbesiana (Nees ex Steud.) Hook.f.
Setaria gausa (S.T.Blake) R.D.Webster
Setaria geminata (Forssk.) Veldkamp
Setaria globoidea (Domin) R.D.Webster
Setaria globulifera (Steud.) Griseb.
Setaria gracillima Hook.f.
Setaria grandis Stapf
Setaria grandispiculata (B.K.Simon) R.D.Webster
Setaria grisebachii E.Fourn.
Setaria guizhouensis S.L.Chen & G.Y.Sheng
Setaria hassleri Hack.
Setaria homonyma (Steud.) Chiov.
Setaria humbertiana A.Camus
Setaria hunzikeri Anton
Setaria incrassata (Hochst.) Hack. – Vlei bristlegrass
Setaria intermedia Roem. & Schult.
Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv. – foxtail millet, dwarf setaria, Italian millet
Setaria jaffrei Morat
Setaria johnsonii (B.K.Simon) ined.
Setaria jubiflora (Trin.) R.D.Webster
Setaria kagerensis Mez
Setaria lachnea (Nees) Kunth
Setaria latifolia (Scribn.) R.A.W.Herrm.
Setaria leonis (E.Ekman) León
Setaria leucopila (Scribn. & Merr.) K.Schum. – plains bristle grass, streambed bristle grass
Setaria liebmannii E.Fourn.
Setaria limensis Tovar
Setaria lindenbergiana (Nees) Stapf
Setaria longipila E.Fourn.
Setaria longiseta P.Beauv.
Setaria macrosperma (Scribn. & Merr.) K.Schum.
Setaria macrostachya Kunth
Setaria madecassa A.Camus
Setaria magna Griseb. – giant bristle grass
Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) T.Durand & Schinz – broad-leaved bristle grass, ribbon bristle grass
Setaria mendocina Phil.
Setaria mildbraedii Mez ex C.E.Hubb.
Setaria montana Reeder
Setaria nicorae Pensiero
Setaria nigrirostris (Nees) T.Durand & Schinz – black-seed bristle grass
Setaria oblongata (Griseb.) Parodi
Setaria obscura de Wit
Setaria obtusifolia (Delile) Morrone
Setaria oplismenoides R.A.W.Herrm.
Setaria orthosticha K.Schum. ex R.A.W.Herrm.
Setaria palmeri Henrard
Setaria palmifolia (J.Koenig) Stapf – palm grass, highland pitpit
Setaria pampeana Parodi ex Nicora
Setaria paraguayensis Pensiero
Setaria parodii Nicora
Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen – knotroot bristle grass, slender pigeon grass
Setaria paspalidioides Vickery
Setaria paucifolia (Morong) Lindm.
Setaria perrieri A.Camus
Setaria petiolata Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
Setaria pflanzii Pensiero
Setaria plicata (Lam.) T.Cooke
Setaria poiretiana (Schult.) Kunth – grama negra, gramalote sacha
Setaria pradana (León ex C.L.Hitchc.) León
Setaria pseudaristata (Peter) Pilg.
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. – yellow foxtail
Setaria punctata (Burm.f.) Veldkamp
Setaria queenslandica Domin
Setaria rara (R.Br.) R.D.Webster
Setaria reflexa (R.D.Webster) R.D.Webster
Setaria restioidea (Franch.) Stapf
Setaria retiglumis (Domin) R.D.Webster
Setaria reverchonii (Vasey) Pilg.
Setaria rigida Stapf
Setaria roemeri Jansen
Setaria rosengurttii Nicora
Setaria sagittifolia (A.Rich.) Walp.
Setaria scabrifolia (Nees) Kunth
Setaria scandens Schrad.
Setaria scheelei (Steud.) Hitchc. – southwestern bristle grass
Setaria scottii (Hack.) A.Camus
Setaria setosa (Sw.) P.Beauv.
Setaria spartella (S.T.Blake) R.D.Webster
Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. – African bristle grass, South African pigeon grass
Setaria stolonifera Boldrini
Setaria submacrostachya Luces
Setaria sulcata Raddi
Setaria surgens Stapf
Setaria tabulata (Hack.) R.D.Webster
Setaria taolanensis A.Camus
Setaria tenacissima Schrad.
Setaria tenax (Rich.) Desv.
Setaria texana Emery
Setaria uda (S.T.Blake) R.D.Webster
Setaria utowanaea (Scribn.) Pilg.
Setaria vaginata Spreng.
Setaria variifolia (Swallen) Davidse
Setaria vatkeana K.Schum.
Setaria verticillata (L.) P.Beauv. – bristly foxtail
Setaria villosissima (Scribn. & Merr.) K.Schum.
Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. – green foxtail
Setaria vulpiseta (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. – plains bristle grass
Setaria welwitschii Rendle
Setaria yunnanensis Keng f. & K.D.Yu

Formerly included^[4]

Numerous species were once considered members of Setaria but have since been reassigned to the following genera: Brachiaria, Dissochondrus, Echinochloa, Holcolemma, Ixophorus, Oplismenus, Panicum, Pennisetum, Pseudoraphis, Setariopsis, and Urochloa

Uses

The grains can be eaten raw, though are hard and can be bitter; boiling can reduce both of these properties.^[14]

Several species have been domesticated and used as staple crops throughout history: foxtail millet (S. italica), korali (S. pumila) in India, and, before the full domestication of maize, Setaria macrostachya in Mexico.^[16] Several species are still cultivated today as food or as animal fodder, such as foxtail millet and korali (S. pumila), while others are considered invasive weeds.^[17] S. italica and S. viridis are being developed as genetic model systems for the study of monocots and bioenergy grasses.^[18]

Other species that have been cultivated as crops include S. palmifolia (highland pitpit) of Papua New Guinea, where it is cultivated as a green vegetable; S. parviflora (knot-root foxtail), historically cultivated in Mesoamerica; and S. sphacelata (African bristle grass) of Sudan, a "lost millet" of Nubia.^[19]