Server Name Indication

Server Name Indication (SNI) is an extension to the Transport Layer Security (TLS) computer networking protocol by which a client indicates which hostname it is attempting to connect to at the start of the handshaking process.[1] The extension allows a server to present one of multiple possible certificates on the same IP address and TCP port number and hence allows multiple secure (HTTPS) websites (or any other service over TLS) to be served by the same IP address without requiring all those sites to use the same certificate. It is the conceptual equivalent to HTTP/1.1 name-based virtual hosting, but for HTTPS. This also allows a proxy to forward client traffic to the right server during TLS/SSL handshake. The desired hostname is not encrypted in the original SNI extension, so an eavesdropper can see which site is being requested. The SNI extension was specified in 2003 in RFC 3546

Background of the problem

Prior to SNI, when making a TLS connection, the client had no way to specify which site it was trying to connect to. Hence, if one server hosts multiple sites on a single listener, the server has no way to know which certificate to use in the TLS protocol. In more detail, when making a TLS connection, the client requests a digital certificate from the web server. Once the server sends the certificate, the client examines it and compares the name it was trying to connect to with the name(s) included in the certificate. If a match occurs, the connection proceeds as normal. If a match is not found, the user may be warned of the discrepancy and the connection may abort as the mismatch may indicate an attempted man-in-the-middle attack. However, some applications allow the user to bypass the warning to proceed with the connection, with the user taking on the responsibility of trusting the certificate and, by extension, the connection.

However, it may be hard – or even impossible due to lack of a full list of all names in advance – to obtain a single certificate that covers all names a server will be responsible for. A server that is responsible for multiple hostnames is likely to need to present a different certificate for each name (or small group of names). It is possible to use subjectAltName to contain multiple domains controlled by one person[2] in a single certificate. Such "unified communications certificates" must be reissued every time the list of domains changes.

Name-based virtual hosting allows multiple DNS hostnames to be hosted by a single server (usually a web server) on the same IP address. To achieve this, the server uses a hostname presented by the client as part of the protocol (for HTTP the name is presented in the host header). However, when using HTTPS, the TLS handshake happens before the server sees any HTTP headers. Therefore, it was not possible for the server to use the information in the HTTP host header to decide which certificate to present and as such only names covered by the same certificate could be served from the same IP address.

In practice, this meant that an HTTPS server could only serve one domain (or small group of domains) per IP address for secured and efficient browsing. Assigning a separate IP address for each site increases the cost of hosting, since requests for IP addresses must be justified to the regional Internet registry and IPv4 addresses are now exhausted. For IPv6, it increases the administrative overhead by having multiple IPs on a single machine, even though the address space is not exhausted. The result was that many websites were effectively constrained from using secure communications.

Technical principles

SNI addresses this issue by having the client send the name of the virtual domain as part of the TLS negotiation's ClientHello message.[3] This enables the server to select the correct virtual domain early and present the browser with the certificate containing the correct name. Therefore, with clients and servers that implement SNI, a server with a single IP address can serve a group of domain names for which it is impractical to get a common certificate.

SNI was added to the IETF's Internet RFCs in June 2003 through RFC 3546, Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions. The latest version of the standard is RFC 6066.

Security implications

Server Name Indication payload is not encrypted, thus the hostname of the server the client tries to connect to is visible to a passive eavesdropper. This protocol weakness was exploited by security software for network filtering and monitoring[4][5][6] and governments to implement censorship.[7]

Presently, there are multiple technologies attempting to hide Server Name Indication:

Domain fronting

Main article: Domain fronting

Domain fronting is a technique of replacing the desired host name in SNI with another one hosted by the same server or, more frequently, network of servers known as a content delivery network. When a client uses domain fronting, it replaces the server domain in SNI (unencrypted), but leaves it in the HTTP host header (which is encrypted by TLS) so that server can serve the right content. Domain fronting violates the standard defining SNI itself, so its compatibility is limited (many services check that SNI host matches the HTTP header host and reject connections with domain-fronted SNI as invalid). While domain fronting was used in the past to avoid government censorship,[8] its popularity dwindled because major cloud providers (Google, Amazon's AWS and CloudFront) explicitly prohibit it in their TOS and have technical restrictions against it.[9]

Encrypted Client Hello

Encrypted Client Hello (ECH) is a TLS 1.3 protocol extension that enables encryption of the whole Client Hello message, which is sent during the early stage of TLS 1.3 negotiation.[10] ECH encrypts the payload with a public key that the relying party (a web browser) needs to know in advance, which means ECH is most effective with large CDNs known to browser vendors in advance.

The initial 2018 version of this extension was called Encrypted SNI (ESNI)[11] and its implementations were rolled out in an "experimental" fashion to address this risk of domain eavesdropping.[12][13][14] Firefox 85 removed support for ESNI.[15] In contrast to ECH, Encrypted SNI encrypted just the SNI rather than the whole Client Hello.[16] Opt-in support for this version was incorporated into Firefox in October 2018[17] and required enabling DNS over HTTPS (DoH).[18]

In March 2020, ESNI was reworked into the ECH extension, after analysis demonstrated that encrypting only the SNI is insufficient. For example, specifications permit the Pre-Shared Key extension to contain any data to facilitate session resumption, even transmission of a cleartext copy of exactly the same server name that is encrypted by ESNI. Also, encrypting extensions one-by-one would require an encrypted variant of every extension, each with potential privacy implications, and even that exposes the set of extensions advertised. Lastly, real-world deployment of ESNI has exposed interoperability limitations.[19] The short name was ECHO in March 2020[16] and changed to ECH in May 2020.[20]

Both ESNI and ECH are compatible only with TLS 1.3 because they rely on KeyShareEntry which was first defined in TLS 1.3.[21][22] Also, to use ECH, the client must not propose TLS versions below 1.3.[23]

Another Internet Draft, incorporates a parameter for transmitting the ECH public keys via HTTPS and SVCB DNS record types, shortening the handshake process.[24][25]

In August 2020, the Great Firewall of China started blocking ESNI traffic, while still allowing ECH traffic.[26]

In October 2020, Russian ISP Rostelecom and its mobile operator Tele2 started blocking ESNI traffic.[27] In September of the same year, Russian censorship ministry Roscomnadzor planned to ban a range of encryption protocols, among which were TLS 1.3 and ESNI, which hindered web site access censorship.[28][29][30]

In July 2023, in the IETF117 meeting, members working on ECH informed Chrome and Firefox were doing a 1% sample trial, and the team expects the final draft to be submitted to the IESG evaluation by January 2024.[31][32]

In Sep 2023, Cloudflare started to support ECH for hosted domains.[33]

ECH is enabled in Firefox by default since version 119, and is recommended by Mozilla to be used along with DNS over HTTPS.[34] In September 2023, Chromium version 117 (used in Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Samsung Internet, and Opera) enabled it by default, also requiring keys to be deployed in HTTPS resource records in DNS.[35][36]

Implementation

In 2004, a patch for adding TLS/SNI into OpenSSL was created by the EdelKey project.[37] In 2006, this patch was then ported to the development branch of OpenSSL, and in 2007 it was back-ported to OpenSSL 0.9.8 (first released in 0.9.8f[38]). First web browsers with SNI support appeared in 2006 (Mozilla Firefox 2.0, Internet Explorer 7), web servers later (Apache HTTP Server in 2009, Microsoft IIS in 2012).

For an application program to implement SNI, the TLS library it uses must implement it and the application must pass the hostname to the TLS library. Further complicating matters, the TLS library may either be included in the application program or be a component of the underlying operating system. Because of this, some browsers implement SNI when running on any operating system, while others implement it only when running on certain operating systems.[citation needed]

Support

Support
SNI Support ECH Support
Software Type Supported Notes Since Supported Notes
Alpine (email client) IMAP email client Yes Since version 2.22[39] 2019-02-18
Internet Explorer Web browser Yes Since version 7 on Vista (not supported on XP) 2006 No
Edge Web browser Yes All versions Yes Since v105 behind flag[40]
Mozilla Firefox Web browser Yes Since version 2.0 2006 Yes Introduced in v85 behind flag.[41] Enabled by default in v118 when DoH is enabled.[42]
cURL Command-line tool and library Yes Since version 7.18.1 2008 Partial [43][44]
Safari Web browser Yes Not supported on Windows XP No [45]
Google Chrome Web browser Yes 2010 Yes Since v105 behind flag.[41]
BlackBerry 10 Web browser Yes Supported in all BB10 releases 2013 No
BlackBerry OS No
Barracuda WAF Reverse Proxy Yes Supported since version 7.8[46] 2013
Barracuda ADC Load balancer Yes Frontend support since version 4.0 and backend support from v5.2[47] Frontend 2013 / Backend 2015
Windows Mobile Web browser Some time after 6.5 No
Android browser
(discontinued in Android 4.2)		 Web browser Yes Honeycomb (3.x) for tablets and Ice Cream Sandwich (4.x) for phones 2011 No
Firefox for Android Web browser Yes Supported for browsing. Sync and other services support SNI only since version 86.[48] Only on Firefox Beta and Nightly is possible to enable DoH by a flag.
wget Command-line tool Yes Since version 1.14 2012
Nokia Browser for Symbian Web browser No No
Opera Mobile for Symbian Web browser No Not supported on Series60 No
Dillo Web browser Yes Since version 3.1 2016
IBM HTTP Server Web server Yes Since version 9.0.0[49][50]
Apache Tomcat Web server Yes Not supported before 8.5 (backport from 9)
Apache HTTP Server Web server Yes Since version 2.2.12 2009
Microsoft IIS Web server Yes Since version 8 (part of Windows Server 2012) 2012
nginx Web server Yes Since version 0.5.23 2007 No [51]
Jetty Web server Yes Since version 9.3.0 2015
HCL Domino Web server Yes Since version 11.0.1 2020
HCL Notes Workflow client Yes Since version 14.0 2023 [52]
H2O Web server Yes Yes [53][54]
BoringSSL Library Yes Yes [55]
BSAFE Micro Edition Suite Library Yes Version 5.0[56]
GnuTLS Library Yes No Work in progress as July 2023.[57]
LibreSSL Library Yes No [58]
Mbed TLS Library Yes No
Mozilla NSS client side Library Yes Since version 3.11.1[59] 2006 Yes [60]
Mozilla NSS server side Library No [61] No
OpenSSL Library Yes No [62]
Picotls Library Yes Yes [63]
Rustls Library Yes No Supports client-side ECH; server-side ECH still todo as of August 2024[64]
SwiftNIO SSL Library Yes No [65]
wolfSSL Library Yes Yes Since v5.6.3[66]
4th Dimension Standard library No Not supported in 15.2 or earlier No
ColdFusion / Lucee Standard library Yes ColdFusion since Version 10 Update 18, 11 Update 7, Lucee since Version 4.5.1.019, Version 5.0.0.50 2015
Erlang Standard library Yes Since version r17 2013
Go Standard library Yes Since version 1.4 2011 Cloudflare/go fork provides support[67]
Java Standard library Yes Since version 1.7 2011
Perl Standard library Yes Since Net::SSLeay version 1.50 and IO::Socket::SSL version 1.56 2012
PHP Standard library Yes Since version 5.3 2014
Python Standard library Yes Supported in 2.x from 2.7.9 and 3.x from 3.2 (in ssl, urllib[2] and httplib modules) 2011 for Python 3.x and 2014 for Python 2.x
Qt Standard library Yes Since version 4.8 2011
Ruby Standard library Yes Since version 2.0 (in net/http) 2011
Hiawatha Web server Yes Since version 8.6 2012 No Depends on Mbed TLS.[68]
lighttpd Web server Yes Since version 1.4.24 2009 No
HAProxy Load balancer Yes Since version 1.5-dev12[69] 2012 No [70]
OpenBSD httpd Web server Yes Since OpenBSD version 6.1[71] 2017-04-11 No Depends on OpenSSL.[72]

References

  1. ^ Blake-Wilson, Simon; Nystrom, Magnus; Hopwood, David; Mikkelsen, Jan; Wright, Tim (June 2003). "Server Name ssl_ocsp_responderIndication". Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions. IETF. p. 8. sec. 3.1. doi:10.17487/RFC3546. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 3546.
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Cambridge Z88

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Cambridge Z88 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cambridge Z88The Cambridge Computer Z88TypeNotebookRelease dateSeptember 1987; 36 years ago (1987-09)[1]Operati...

 

كأس الأمم الآسيوية لكرة القدم للسيدات

كأس الأمم الآسيوية لكرة القدم للسيدات   معلومات عامة الرياضة كرة القدم  انطلقت 1975؛ منذ 49 سنوات (1975) المنظم الاتحاد الآسيوي لكرة القدم  المنطقة AFC (آسيا) التواتر 4 سنة  عدد المشاركين 8 الأكثر تتويجًا  الصين(8 بطولات) التسلسل الزمني للمنافسة الدورة الحالية: ك...

 

AC0

Diagram of an AC0 circuit: The n input bits are on the bottom and the top gate produces the output; the circuit consists of AND- and OR-gates of polynomial fan-in each, and the alternation depth is bounded by a constant. AC0 is a complexity class used in circuit complexity. It is the smallest class in the AC hierarchy, and consists of all families of circuits of depth O(1) and polynomial size, with unlimited-fanin AND gates and OR gates (we allow NOT gates only at the inputs).[1] It t...

1875 Swiss federal election

This article is part of a series on thePolitics of Switzerland Constitution Human rights Federal Council Members (by seniority) Beat Jans Guy Parmelin Ignazio Cassis Viola Amherd (President) Karin Keller-Sutter (Vice President) Albert Rösti Élisabeth Baume-Schneider Federal Chancellor Viktor Rossi Federal administration Federal Assembly Council of States (members) National Council (members) Political parties Elections Voting Elections 1848 1851 1854 1857 1860 1863 1866 1869 1872 1875 1878 1...

 

Michael J. Kirwan

American politician For other people with similar names, see Michael Kirwan. Michael Joseph KirwanMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Ohio's 19th districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1937 – July 27, 1970Preceded byJohn G. CooperSucceeded byCharles J. Carney Personal detailsBorn(1886-12-02)December 2, 1886Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedJuly 27, 1970(1970-07-27) (aged 83)Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.Political partyDemocratic Wikimedia Commons has media related to ...

 

Efestione

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Efestione (disambigua). EfestioneTesta marmorea rappresentante Efestione (Getty Museum)NascitaPella, 356 a.C. circa MorteEcbatana, 324 a.C. Cause della morteMalattia Dati militariPaese servitoRegno di Macedonia Forza armataEsercito macedone ArmaCavalleria (Eteri) Anni di servizio333 (ca) - 324 a.C. GradoGenerale (Ipparco) CampagneCampagne asiatiche di Alessandro Magno Comandante diSomatophylakes di Alessandro Magno Alt...

Poincaré duality

Connects homology and cohomology groups for oriented closed manifolds In mathematics, the Poincaré duality theorem, named after Henri Poincaré, is a basic result on the structure of the homology and cohomology groups of manifolds. It states that if M is an n-dimensional oriented closed manifold (compact and without boundary), then the kth cohomology group of M is isomorphic to the (n − k)th homology group of M, for all integers k H k ( M ) ≅ H n − k ( M ) . {\displaystyle H^...

 

David Wheeler (computer scientist)

British computer scientist (1927–2004) David WheelerFRSBornDavid John Wheeler(1927-02-09)9 February 1927[5]Birmingham, EnglandDied13 December 2004(2004-12-13) (aged 77)Cambridge, EnglandNationalityBritishEducationUniversity of Cambridge (MA, PhD)Known forinventing subroutines Burrows–Wheeler transform (BWT)[6]Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA)[7]Wheeler Jump[8]WAKEEDSAC[9]AwardsFellow of the Royal Society (1981)Computer Pioneer Award (1985)Fe...