Senecio vulgaris

Senecio vulgaris
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Senecio
Species:
S. vulgaris
Binomial name
Senecio vulgaris
Range of Senecio vulgaris
Synonyms [2]

Senecio vulgaris, often known by the common names groundsel[3]: 764  and old-man-in-the-spring,[4] is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is an annual herb, native to the Palaearctic and widely naturalised as a ruderal species in suitable disturbed habitats worldwide.

Description

Dew-covered common groundsel flower in New Jersey

Senecio vulgaris is an erect herbaceous annual growing up to 16 inches (41 cm) tall.[3]: 764  The inflorescences usually lack ray florets, the yellow disc florets mostly hidden by the bracts giving the flowers an inconspicuous appearance. Senecio vulgaris is very similar to Senecio viscosus but S. vulgaris does not have the glandular hairs and ray florets found in S. viscosus.[5]

Leaves and stems

Upper leaves of Senecio vulgaris are sessile, lacking their own stem (petiole), alternating in direction along the length of the plant, two rounded lobes at the base of the stem (auriculate) and sub-clasping above. Leaves are pinnately lobed and +2.4 inches (61 mm) long and 1 inch (25 mm) wide, smaller towards the top of the plant. Leaves are sparsely covered with soft, smooth, fine hairs. Lobes typically sharp to rounded saw-toothed.[6][7]

The hollow[8] stems branch at the tops and from the base.[6] Stems and leaves can both host the Cineraria leaf rust.[9]

Flowers

Open clusters of 10 to 22 small cylinder shaped rayless yellow flower heads 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 inch (6 to 13 mm) with a highly conspicuous ring of black tipped bracts at the base of the inflorescence as is characteristic of many members of the genus Senecio.[6] There is a radiate form of Senecio vulgaris, which is the result of cross pollination with the closely related Oxford ragwort, Senecio squalidus.[10]

Seeds

The name for the genus Senecio is probably derived from senex (an old man), in reference to its downy head of seeds; "the flower of this herb hath white hair and when the wind bloweth it away, then it appeareth like a bald-headed man"[11] and like its family, flowers of Senecio vulgaris are succeeded by downy globed heads of seed. The seeds are achene, include a pappus[12] and become sticky when wet.[13] Laboratory tests have suggested maximum seed scattering distances of 4.2 and 4.6 yd (3.8 and 4.2 m) at wind speeds of 6.8 and 10.2 mph (10.9 and 16.4 km/h) respectively (affected by plant height),[9] suggesting that it was more than wind that spread these groundsel seeds throughout the world.

The average weight of 1000 seeds is 0.21 gram (2,200,000 seeds per pound) and experienced a 100% germination success before drying and storage and an 87% germination success after drying and 3 years of cool dry storage.[14] In simple models for seed emergence prediction, soil thermal time did not predict the timing and extent of seedling emergence as well as hydrothermal time[15][16] (warm rain).

Roots

The root system consists of a shallow taproot. This plant spreads by reseeding itself.[8]

Groundsel acts as a host for the fungus that causes black root rot in peas,[9] alfalfa, soybeans, carrots, tomatoes, red clover, peanuts, cucurbits, cotton, citrus, chickpeas, and several ornamental flowering plants; a list of flowering plants that can host their own fungus as well.

Etymology and naming

Binomial etymology

  • In Latin Senecio means 'old man'. This name, used by Pliny, is in reference the plant becoming grey and hairy when fruiting.[17]
  • Vulgaris means 'usual', 'common', or 'vulgar'.[17]

Common names

  • Vernacular names for S. vulgaris in English include old-man-in-the-spring, common groundsel, groundsel, ragwort, grimsel, grinsel, grundsel, simson, birdseed, chickenweed, old-man-of-the-spring, squaw weed, grundy swallow, ground glutton and common butterweed.[9][11][18][19][20][21]

Distribution

Senecio vulgaris is considered to be native to Europe, northern Asia, and parts of North Africa. Its further distribution is less clear. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Profile Database[22] considers it to be native to all 50 of the United States of America, Canada, Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon,[1] the same USDA through the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)[23] considers it to be native only to parts of Afro-Eurasia.[18] The Integrated Taxonomic Information System Organization (ITIS), a partnership among many United States federal government departments and agencies[24] states that the species has been introduced to the 50 United States,[25] and the online journal Flora of North America calls it "probably introduced" to areas north of Mexico.[26] Individual research groups claim it is not native to areas they oversee: Florida,[27] Washington,[28] Wisconsin,[29] Saskatchewan,[30] British Columbia,[31] Missouri.[32] The United States Geological Survey reports that common groundsel is exotic to all 50 states and all Canadian provinces with the exception of Georgia, Kentucky, Massachusetts, and Labrador.[33]

Ecology

Senecio vulgaris is a frost-resistant[6] deciduous annual plant that grows in disturbed sites, waste places, roadsides, gardens, nurseries, orchards, vineyards, landscaped areas, agricultural lands,[19] at altitudes up to 1,600 feet (500 m)[6] and is, additionally, self-pollinating[19] producing 1,700 seeds per plant with three generations per year.[34] Seeds are dispersed by wind and also cling to clothing and animal fur,[9] and as contaminates of commercially exchanged seeds; the distribution of this plant throughout the world has been difficult if not impossible to contain.

Herbivores

Flame shoulder moth or Ochropleura plecta.
Cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae) caterpillar feeding on a Senecio.

The seed of common groundsel is a good green food for canaries and finches and it is available all year round.[9]

Senecio vulgaris seed has been found in the droppings of sparrows, and seedlings have been raised from the excreta of various birds. Seed has also been found in cow manure.[9]

Some Lepidoptera species eat many of the Senecio;[6] additional studies via electrophysiological recordings have shown that the taste sensilla of the cinnabar moth larvae respond (get excited) specifically to the pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which all Senecio contain.[35]

Moths and caterpillars[19][36]

The Senecio also are host to other insects:[19][37][38]

Beetles

Flies

Seed flies (Diptera: Muscoidea)
Gall flies (Diptera: Tephritidae):

and other insects that are not listed here.

The ragwort flea beetle and ragwort seed fly have been approved and released for Senecio control in California,[19] Australia[37] and elsewhere.

Fungi Most Senecio, including S. squalidus are susceptible to rust and other fungus and mildews:[6][38][39]

Rust fungus Uredinales
White rust Peronosporales
Sac fungus Ascochyta, Pezizomycetes
Groundsel mildew Erysiphales
Powdery mildew Erysiphales
Black root rot Microascales

and other fungus that are not listed here.

Toxicity

In the United States, Senecio vulgaris has been listed as a noxious weed,[40] being both non-indigenous to most if not all of the Americas and having a reputation for being hepatotoxic to livestock[41] and to humans.[42][43][44]

Toxic versus medicinal

Human

As a plant that is reported to be both poisonous for human ingestion and also medicinal; much of the contradiction can be found by closely reviewing the words that are used and the dose (amount) of the poisonous substance that is ingested to prove either claim. All species of the genus Senecio contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (e.g., senecionine), a substance that when a human has chronic exposure[45] can cause irreversible liver damage.[11][46]

Common groundsel as a medicinal herb does not seem to have been recommended very often since 1931, when it was recommended as a diaphoretic, an antiscorbutic, a purgative, a diuretic and an anthelmintic, which was a demotion as it was previously suggested for the expelling of gravel of the kidneys and reins by Pedanius Dioscorides in the 1st century, for use as poultices by John Gerard in the late 16th century and as a cure for epilepsy by Nicholas Culpeper in the 17th century.[11] More current information is contradictory about the dangers of the ingestion of groundsel. A heavily referenced paper from 1989 suggests that the response is immediate and gives pre-ambulatory care recommendations.[42] A Canadian poisonous plants information database references a paper from 1990 in presenting this prenatal warning: "In a case of prenatal exposure, a mother ingested tea containing an estimated 0.343 milligram of senecionine, resulting in fatal veno-occlusive disease in a newborn infant."[46] Information about the pyrrolizidine alkaloids, the substance present in Senecio vulgaris is much less contradictory and all warn of accumulation of the alkaloid.[47][48][49][50]

Certain pyrrolizidine alkaloids are non-toxic precursors that are converted to toxic metabolites in the body in a process called toxification[51]

Botanist and noted authority on plant-lore Albert Roy Vickery quotes a 1991 account of the use of groundsel as a highly effective purge in the English county of Dorset:

Mr Joby House, who used to be at Hewood, told us that, for constipation, you boiled groundsel and lard and take that and you will shit through the eye of a needle. His sister Lucy had constipation so bad that when the doctor called in the morning he said Lucy would be dead by 5 o’clock. Mrs. House went to the gypsies (Mrs. Penfold)…and she told her how to cure her. The doctor came late in the day, and Lucy was running around; there was shit everywhere. The doctor had brought Lucy’s death certificate, but he was so mad he tore it up and put it in the fire.[52]

Livestock

Carl Linnaeus is cited to have claimed that "goats and swine eat this common plant freely, cows being not partial to it and horses and sheep declining to touch it, but not only are caged birds fond of it (the seeds), but its leaves and seeds afford food for many of our wild species (rabbits were given as an example)."[11] More recent studies claim that the lethal amount that cattle or horses need to consume is 7% of their body weight (example: 50 pounds (23 kg) would need to be consumed by a cow weighing 700 pounds (318 kg)). Lesser amounts cause the liver to lose function but is not apparent until the animal is stressed (by new feed or location, pregnancy, a different toxin, etc.). Sheep and goats have rumen bacteria that detoxify the alkaloids and are able to consume twice their body weight of this and other species of genus Senecio.[34][53] The alkaloids responsible are not destroyed by drying or by fermentation in silage.[9]

Introduced versus invasive

Introduced species become invasive when they compete with natives or with crops. Senecio vulgaris is not known to be a strong competitor but it has been known to reduce mint production.[54] There is evidence that it is not a strong invasive and sometimes protective of critically endangered native plants.[55]

The approximately 22 millimetres (0.87 in) long[56] pappus seeds of Senecio vulgaris, each plant capable of producing 25,000 or more seeds (1,700 seeds per plant are more likely) with three generations of the plant per year;[34] seeds that are widely dispersed by the wind,[57] have been identified as a contaminant of cereal and vegetable seeds[6] and a poison to some livestock; there is some inspiration to understand the growth stages and determine some control methods.

Cultivation

Cultivation with the hand or tiller is a recommended method of controlling Senecio vulgaris from growing in gardens and planting fields; cultivate to a depth of 2 inches (51 mm). The plant does prefer to take root in disturbed soils, so cultivation rids new plants but also buries and stirs up new seeds so the cultivation needs to be repeated at 14-day intervals.[9] Seeds can still mature even when the plant has been killed;[41] seed from plants cut in flower had germination levels of 35%. Groundsel seed numbers increased in soil during a two-year set-aside left fallow but not when there was a sown grass cover. The weed cannot live on grazed, trampled or mowed sites.[9]

Biological

The pathogen rust fungus or Puccinia lagenophorae and the cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae) have both been used and studied in an attempt to control infestation of Senecio vulgaris.[58] One study showed that rust fungus infected Senecio vulgaris survived and actually used more of the available soil nutrients.[59] The cinnabar moth eats groundsel between June and August, but the seeds germinate and the plant grows as soon as the ground is warm enough (and after a warm rain),[15] making this an insufficient control almost everywhere groundsel can be found.[34]

Chemical

Herbicides designed to control broadleaf plants are effective for controlling Senecio vulgaris in cereals and forage grasses but also will "control" broadleaf crops, such as mint, forage legumes,[54] strawberries,[60] carrots[61] and all other non-grass crops. There is also evidence that the plant develops an immunity to the chemical control.[62][63]

Other

Groundsel seedlings with 2–6 leaves are tolerant of flame weeding but the seeds are susceptible to soil solarization.[6]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. "Flora Europaea Search Results matching vulgaris and Senecio". Retrieved 2008-02-01.
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  62. ^ William B. McCloskey and Jodie S. Holt; University of California, Riverside, Botany and Plant Sciences Department (April 1990). "Triazine Resistance in Senecio vulgaris Parental and Nearly Isonuclear Backcrossed Biotypes Is Correlated with Reduced Productivity". Plant Physiology. 92 (4). American Society of Plant Biologists: Vol. 92(4): pp. 954–962. doi:10.1104/pp.92.4.954. PMC 1062401. PMID 16667411. Isonuclear triazine-susceptible and triazine-resistant Senecio vulgaris L. biotypes were developed by making reciprocal crosses between susceptible and resistant biotypes....{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  63. ^ Michel Havaux, Society for Experimental Biology, 2005 (1989). "Comparison of Atrazine-Resistant and -Susceptible Biotypes of Senecio vulgaris L.: Effects of High and Low Temperatures on the in vivo Photosynthetic Electron Transfer in Intact Leaves". Journal of Experimental Botany. Oxford University Press. pp. Volume 40, Number 8, Pp. 849–854. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2008-02-01. The effects of temperature on the yield of in vivo modulated chlorophyll fluorescence were measured in intact leaves of atrazineresistant and -susceptible biotypes of the weed Senecio vulgaris L. ....{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Further reading

  • Gailing, O.; Bachmann, K. (2003). "The anthers of Senecio vulgaris (Asteraceae): saltatory evolution caught in the act". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 240 (1/4): 1–10. doi:10.1007/s00606-003-0037-7. S2CID 21374459.
  • California Native Plant Link Exchange. "Plants that Grow with Senecio vulgaris". Retrieved 2008-02-05.
  • David Fenwick (2008-01-01). "Rusts (Basidiomycota)". A photo fungi of the Devon and Cornwall peninsula. Plymouth, UK: The African Garden. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
  • L. E. Carroll; I. M. White; A. Freidberg; A. L. Norrbom; M. J. Dallwitz & F. C. Thompson (2005-07-15). "Ensina sonchi (Linnaeus)". Pest Fruit Flies of the World. Delta – description language for taxonomy. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
  • J.K. Lindsey. "Sphenella marginata (Fallén 1814) (Family Tephritidae)". Ecology of Commanster. Jim Lindsey. Archived from the original on 2012-12-20. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
  • L. E. Carroll; I. M. White; A. Freidberg; A. L. Norrbom; M. J. Dallwitz & F. C. Thompson (2005-07-15). "Trupanea stellata (Fuesslin)". Pest Fruit Flies of the World. Delta – description language for taxonomy. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
  • L. E. Carroll; I. M. White; A. Freidberg; A. L. Norrbom; M. J. Dallwitz & F. C. Thompson (2005-07-15). "Trypeta artemisiae (Fabricius)". Pest Fruit Flies of the World. Delta – description language for taxonomy. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
  • Van Eijk, J. L. (1952-01-19). "Phytochemical study of Leonurus cardiaca and Senecio vulgaris". Pharmaceutisch Weekblad. 87 (3–4): 38–41. PMID 14929684.

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Southend United F.C.

Southend UnitedNama lengkapSouthend United Football ClubJulukanThe Shrimpers,The Seasiders,The BluesBerdiri1906StadionRoots HallVictoria Avenue(Kapasitas: 12,392)KetuaRon MartinManajerKevin BondLigaLiga Satu Inggris2019–20ke-19, Liga Satu Inggris Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Musim ini Southend United Football Club merupakan sebuah klub sepak bola asal Inggris yang berbasis di Essex dan saat ini bermain di Liga Dua Inggris. Didirikan pada tahun 1906. Bermarkas di Southend-on-Sea. Klub ini m...

 

 

Evolutionary origin of religion

Emergence of religious behavior discussed in terms of natural evolution Origin of religion redirects here. For other uses, see Origin of religion (disambiguation). This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (September 2015) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliabl...

 

 

I Am Legend (serial TV)

I Am LegendPoster promosi untuk I Am LegendGenreRomansa Musik Drama hukumDitulis olehIm Hyeon-kyeongMa Jin-wonSutradaraKim Hyung-shikPemeranKim Jung-eunLee Joon-hyukKim Seung-sooNegara asalKorea SelatanBahasa asliKoreaJmlh. episode16ProduksiRumah produksiAStoryRilis asliJaringanSeoul Broadcasting SystemRilis2 Agustus (2010-08-02) –21 September 2010 (2010-9-21) I Am Legend (Hangul: 나는 전설이다; RR: Naneun Junseolida) adalah serial televisi Korea ...

Уповноважений Верховної Ради України з прав людини

Уповноважений Верховної Ради України з прав людини Логотип Офіс Омбудсмана Посаду обіймаєЛубінець Дмитро Валерійовичвід 1 липня 2022 Верховна Рада УкраїниСтиль Пане Уповноважений Верховної Ради України з прав людиниАбревіатура УВРУПЛПідзвітний Верховній РадіРезид�...

 

 

Centro storico di Roma

Centro storico di RomaCentro storico di Roma Stato Italia CittàRoma Coordinate: 41°53′56.4″N 12°28′12″E / 41.899°N 12.47°E41.899; 12.47  Bene protetto dall'UNESCOCentro storico di Roma, le proprietà extraterritoriali della Santa Sede nella città e la Basilica di San Paolo fuori le mura Patrimonio dell'umanità TipoCulturali Criterio(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) PericoloNon in pericolo Riconosciuto dal1980 Scheda UNESCO(EN) Historic Centre of Rome, the Prop...

 

 

Patrick Mahomes

Mahomes beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk Ayahnya, pemain bisbol, lihat Pat Mahomes. Patrick MahomesMahomes pada tahun 2021No. 15 – Kansas City ChiefsPosisi:QuarterbackInformasi pribadiLahir:17 September 1995 (umur 28)Tyler, Texas, A.S.Tinggi badan:6 ft 2 in (1,88 m)Berat badan:225 pon (102 kg)Career informationSMA:Whitehouse (TX)Perguruan tinggi:Teknologi Texas (2014–2016)NFL Draft:2017 / Round: 1 / Pick: 10Riwayat karier Kansas City Chiefs (...

История христианства в Центральной Азии

ХристианствоБиблия Ветхий Завет Новый Завет Евангелие Десять заповедей Нагорная проповедь Апокрифы Бог, Троица Бог Отец Иисус Христос Святой Дух История христианства Апостолы Хронология христианства Раннее христианство Гностическое христианство Вселенские соборы Н...

 

 

Protoindoeuropei

Mappa animata delle migrazioni Indoeuropee in Eurasia (Europa, Asia occidentale, centrale, meridionale, Siberia e India) secondo la teoria kurganica I protoindoeuropei, talvolta chiamati, ambiguamente, indoeuropei, sono la presunta popolazione preistorica caratterizzata dal parlare la lingua protoindoeuropea, che, all'incirca 5 000 anni fa, migrò dall'Eurasia centrale in Europa, Asia occidentale, Asia centrale e subcontinente indiano. Nel corso di queste migrazioni, il popolo originario...

 

 

韩国—马来西亚关系

韓國－馬來西亞關係 马来西亚 韩国 代表機構马来西亚驻韩国大使馆韩国驻马来西亚大使馆 韩国－马来西亚关系（韩语：대한민국-말레이시아 관계，馬來語：Hubungan Korea Selatan–Malaysia），亦称马来西亚－韩国关系，指韩国与马来西亚两国之间的双边关系。目前两国为“战略伙伴关系”。 历史 韩国与马来亚联合邦于1960年2月23日建交[1]。1962年5月，韩国在马来亚首都吉...

.577/450 Martini–Henry

British rifle cartridge Also known as 11.43x60R (61R) .577/450 Martini–Henry.577 Snider, two .577/450 Martini–Henry (coiled brass & drawn brass) and .303 British cartridges.Place of originUKService historyUsed byBritish EmpireWarsAnglo-Zulu WarMahdist WarFirst Boer War Second Boer WarWorld War IProduction historyDesigned1871SpecificationsParent case.577 SniderCase typeRimmed, bottleneckBullet diameter.455 in (11.6 mm)Neck diameter.487 in (1...

 

 

Enseignement primaire

Cet article est une ébauche concernant l’éducation. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Jeune institutrice en Afrique du Sud. L’enseignement primaire, ou l’école primaire, est dans plusieurs pays le premier degré de l’enseignement. Il permet notamment l'apprentissage de la lecture, de l'écriture et des bases de mathématiques. Les enfants entament leurs études primaires vers l’âge de...

 

 

Christianity in the 11th century

Christianity-related events during the 11th century See also: Christianity in the 10th century and Christianity in the 12th century For broader coverage of this topic, see Christianity of the Middle Ages. Medallion of Christ from Constantinople, c. 1100. Christianity in the 11th century is marked primarily by the Great Schism of the Church, which formally divided the State church of the Roman Empire into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches. In 1054, following the death of the P...

Hawker Siddeley P.1127

British experimental V/STOL aircraft P.1127 / Kestrel Hawker XV-6A Kestrel in 1968 Role Experimental V/STOL aircraftType of aircraft National origin United Kingdom Manufacturer Hawker Aviation Hawker Siddeley Designer Sydney CammRalph Hooper First flight 19 November 1960 (P.1127) 7 March 1964 (Kestrel) Primary users Royal Air ForceUS Department of Defense/NASA German Air Force Number built 6 P.1127s [1] 9 Kestrels [1] Developed into Hawker Siddeley Harrier The Hawker P.11...

 

 

Ettingen

Ettingencomune Ettingen – VedutaPanorama di Ettingen LocalizzazioneStato Svizzera Cantone Basilea Campagna DistrettoArlesheim AmministrazioneLingue ufficialiTedesco TerritorioCoordinate47°28′51″N 7°32′40″E47°28′51″N, 7°32′40″E (Ettingen) Altitudine331 m s.l.m. Superficie6,35 km² Abitanti5 041 (2016) Densità793,86 ab./km² Comuni confinantiAesch, Blauen, Hofstetten-Flüh (SO), Nenzlingen, Pfeffingen, Therwil, Witterswil (SO) Altre informaz...

 

 

Essens

Den här artikeln behöver källhänvisningar för att kunna verifieras. (2024-02) Åtgärda genom att lägga till pålitliga källor (gärna som fotnoter). Uppgifter utan källhänvisning kan ifrågasättas och tas bort utan att det behöver diskuteras på diskussionssidan. Denna artikel handlar om essens inom filosofi. Essens kan också syfta på ett (flytande) koncentrat, som till exempel kan användas för parfymtillverkning och smaktillsats. Essens (av latinets essentia) avser i talspr�...

Dining philosophers problem

Problem used to illustrate synchronization issues and techniques for resolving them Illustration of the dining philosophers problem. Each philosopher has a bowl of spaghetti and can reach two of the forks. In computer science, the dining philosophers problem is an example problem often used in concurrent algorithm design to illustrate synchronization issues and techniques for resolving them. It was originally formulated in 1965 by Edsger Dijkstra as a student exam exercise, presented in terms...

 

 

Institut d'études politiques de Lyon

Political science school in Lyon, France Institut d'Études Politiques de LyonLyon Institute of Political SciencesMottoVirtute duce comite fortunaMotto in EnglishUnder the guidance of valor, accompanied by good fortuneEstablished1948DirectorHélène SurrelAcademic staff310 (62 full-time)[1]Students1,441[2]LocationLyon, FranceCampusMetropolitanCampus size9,500 square metersAffiliationsConférence des Grandes écoles, National Foundation of Political Science, University of ...

 

 

Hannie Caulder

1971 British film by Burt Kennedy Hannie CaulderTheatrical release posterDirected byBurt KennedyScreenplay byBurt KennedyDavid Haft(as Z.X. Jones)[1]Story byPeter CooperBased onCharactersby Ian QuickeBob RichardsProduced byPatrick CurtisStarringRaquel WelchRobert CulpErnest BorgnineStrother MartinJack ElamChristopher LeeDiana DorsCinematographyEdward Scaife[1]Edited byJim Connock[1]Music byKen ThorneProductioncompanies Tigon British Film Productions Curtwel Productions...

Jia (singer)

Chinese singer and actress Meng Jia redirects here. For other uses, see Mengjia (disambiguation). In this Chinese name, the family name is Meng. Jia孟佳Jia in October 2013BornMeng Jia (1989-02-03) February 3, 1989 (age 35)[1]Loudi, Hunan, ChinaOther namesJiaEducationSeoul Institute of the ArtsOccupationsSingeractressMusical careerGenresDance-popC-popMandopopK-PopR&BInstrumentsVocalsYears active2010–presentLabelsJYPBanana CultureMeng Jia StudioFormerly ofMiss AX-SISTE...

 

 

Twitter

X TwitterLogotipo usado desde julho de 2023 TwitterPágina inicial do X visitada enquanto o usuário estava fazendo login em agosto de 2024 Slogan What's happening?(Brasil: O que está acontecendo?)(Portugal: O que está a acontecer?) Nomes anteriores Twitter Proprietário(s) Odeo (Março–Outubro, 2006)Obvious Corporation (2006–2007)Twitter, Inc. (2007–2023)X Corp. (2023–presente) Pessoas-chave Linda Yaccarino (CEO)[1]Elon Musk (chairman, CTO)[2][3] Requer pagamento? não Gênero red...