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Seisin (or seizin) is a legal concept that denotes the right to legal possession of a thing, usually a fiefdom, fee, or an estate in land.^[1]^[2] It is similar, but legally separate from the idea of ownership.

The term is traditionally used in the context of inheritance law in the form of "the son and heir of X has obtained seisin of his inheritance", and thus is effectively a term concerned with conveyancing. The person holding such estate is said to be "seized of it", a phrase which commonly appears in inquisitions post mortem (i.e. "The jurors find that X died seized of the manor of ..."). The monarch alone "held" all the land of England by his allodial right and all his subjects were merely his tenants under various contracts of feudal tenure. It has varying relevance in modern legal systems, with distinctions between Common law and Civil law jurisdictions.

Etymology

Seisin comes from Middle English saysen, seysen, in the legal sense of 'to put in possession of, or to take possession of, hence, to grasp, to seize'. The Old French variations seisir, saisir, are from Low Latin sacīre, generally referred to the same source as Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 satjan, Old English settan, 'to put in place, set'. The French phrase "le mort saisit le vif" ("the dead give seisin to the living") is often used to express the word's role in the law.^[3]

Varieties of seisin

Seisin is primarily used in two forms, "in law" and "in deed". Each carries with it a differing strength of tenure.

Seisin in law

"Livery" (or delivery in contract law) by "seisin in law" occurred when the parties to the transaction went within sight of the land to be conveyed and the transferor declared to the recipient that possession had been granted. This constituted however only an incomplete conveyance.

Seisin in deed

By physically entering onto the land the transferee converts or "delivers" his seisin in law into seisin in deed. Instead of a physical entry on to the land, sometimes a token of the land (e.g., a turf, or similar) would be handed over ceremoniously, (see "turf and twig"; cf. the handover of "earth and water" by political entities subjecting themselves to the Persian Empire, which thereafter considered their rulers its vassals). A tenant seised in deed as well as in law thus had obtained the best legal title to his tenure available. It was said that in the conveyance of a fee by deed of feoffment, there must be delivery of seisin.^[4]

In European feudalism

In European feudal states, "ownership" of land, also known as allodial possession, was generally restricted to monarchs and was thus rarely an operative principle. Instead, seisin was used as a term signifying feudal possession. The modern writer Marc Bloch considers seisin to signify "possession made venerable by the lapse of time" and that "paper documentary evidence was not required to establish seisin, rather human memory of the use of land or administration of justice there was invoked, especially these by the ancestors".^[5]

Scotland

The equivalent Scottish term is sasine, which term has developed a further signification in Scots law.

Ireland

Following the Norman invasion of Ireland, feudalism was introduced in those areas under Norman control. The most important legal concept in the feudal period in relation to land was seisin.^[6]

England

Seisin is believed to have only been applicable to freehold tenures, that is to say, a tenure exceeding a mere term for life. This would make the right heritable, on condition of payment of the appropriate feudal relief to the overlord. A "freeman" was a man who held by freehold tenure, and thus freehold tenure was anciently said to be the only form of feudal land tenure worthy to be held by a free man.^[7] Tenure, and the variety thereof, was the very essence of feudal society and the stratification thereof, and the possession of a tenure (i.e., holding, from Latin teneō "to hold") was legally established by the act of seisin.

Primer seisin

Primer seisin is defined as "the right which the king had, when any of his tenants died seised of a knight's fee, to receive of the heir, provided he were of full age, one whole year's profits of the lands, if they were in immediate possession; and half a year's profits, if the lands were in reversion, expectant on an estate for life".^[8]^[9]^[10] On the death of a tenant-in-chief, for example a feudal baron, his holding was heritable by his son or other right heir. The conveyancing procedure, or procedure of "re-enfeoffment", i.e., re-establishment of tenure in a fief, was as follows. The heir would pay homage to the king, which once received established him irreversibly as the true heir, for the ceremony of homage was in the form of a sacred vow. Only then could the heir pay his feudal relief to the treasury, which final step would enable him to obtain seisin, i.e., actual possession. Between the death of the previous tenant and the new seisin, there was an empty tenure of the fief, which was legally inconvenient, but tolerated as generally of short duration. Such a tenure did not escheat, even temporarily, to the crown pending the re-enfeoffment of the heir. Yet in the case of a barony, which was an extensive tenure of frequently several dozen manors, the king needed to make certain that the heir who presented himself to pay homage was the true heir, for should his homage be accepted, his status was irreversibly confirmed, and the new baron would be entitled to attend parliament. Time was needed for the sheriff of the shire concerned to make enquiries, sometimes by use of local juries. In order to provide the king with time to make such investigations, the king took temporary seisin of the barony and all its lands, which needed management during the interval, which was termed "primer seisin". It was not a form of escheat, which was an extinguishment of a tenure. Primer seisin can thus be seen as a variety of feudal burden, or feudal incident, that is to say a right exercisable by an overlord over his vassal's holding.^[11]

The Wardships, etc. Act 1267 passed by King Henry III (52 Hen. 3. c. 16) stated as follows:^[12]

(2) And if an Heir at the time of his Ancestor's Death be of full Age, and he is Heir apparent, and known for Heir, and be found in the Inheritance, the chief Lord shall not put him out, nor take, nor remove any thing there, but shall take only simple Seisin therefore for the Recognition of his Seigniory, that he may be known for Lord.
(3) And if the chief Lord do put such an Heir out of the Possession maliciously, whereby he is driven to purchase a Writ of Mort d'Auncestor, or of Cousenage, then he shall recover his Damages as in Assise of Novel Disseisin.
II. Touching Heirs, which hold of our Lord the King in chief, this Order shall be observed, That our Lord the King shall have the first Seisin of their Lands, like as he was wont to have before time: Neither shall the Heir, nor any other, intrude into the same Inheritance, before he hath received it out of the King's Hands, as the same Inheritance was wont to be taken out of his Hands and his Ancestors in times past. And this must be understood of Lands and Fees, the which were accustomed to be in the King's Hands, by reason of Knight service, or Serjeanty, or Right of Patronage.

Modern legal interpretations

Common law

Modern US courts have interpreted seisin as primarily approximating to modern freehold ownership of land (e.g. Pennsylvania: Deshong v. Deshong, 186 Pa. 227, 40 A.402) or the right to immediate possession (e.g. Illinois: Williams v. Swango, 365 Ill. 549, 7 N.E.2d 306, 309).

Though now the term is confined to possession of the freehold, at one time it appears to have been used for simple possession without regard to the estate of the possessor. Its importance is considerably less than it was, owing to the old form of conveyance by feoffment with livery of seisin having been superseded by a deed of grant, and the old rule of descent from the person last seised having been abolished in favour of descent from the purchaser. Lord Denning controversially supported the abolition of the concept of seisin, but the common law has since decided to maintain the concept.^{[citation needed]} At one time, the right of the wife to a dower and of the husband to an estate by curtesy depended upon the doctrine of seisin. The Dower Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will 4), however, rendered the fact of the seisin of the husband of no importance, and the Married Women's Property Act 1882 practically abolished the old law of curtesy.

Sources

Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th. ed., vol. 21, p. 626, Seisin

References

^ "Seisin | Feudalism, Tenure, Possession | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
^ Carter, Elizabeth R. (2021), Louisiana Law of Successions and Donations: A Precis, Carolina Academic Press, p. 13, ISBN 978-1-5310-1580-0
^ Carter, Elizabeth R. (2021), Louisiana Law of Successions and Donations: A Precis, Carolina Academic Press, p. 14, ISBN 978-1-5310-1580-0
^ http://chestofbooks.com/business/law/American-Commercial-Law-Series/Chapter-2-History-Of-The-Law-Of-Property.html Archived 2010-07-19 at the Wayback Machine (chapter 2, law of property)
^ Marc Bloch, Feudal Societychap. VIII.2 – characteristics of customary law.
^ Andrew Lyall,Land Law in Ireland ISBN 1-85800-199-4
^ Williams, On Seisin, p. 2.
^ Bouvier, John; Rawle, Francis (1897). Bouvier's Law Dictionary. Boston: Boston Book Company.. (2 Bl. Com. 66.)
^ Alternative definition: "primer seisin: a Branch of the King's Prerogative, whereby he had the first Seisin or Possession of all Lands and Tenements throughout the realm till the Heir do his Homage, or come to Age" (Bailey, Nathan. An universal etymological English dictionary;: comprehending the derivations ...(1770)
^ Alternative definition: "primer seisin was a feudal burden at one time incident to the king's tenants in capite, whether by knight service or in socage. It was the right of the crown to receive of the heir, after the death of a tenant in capite, one year's profits of lands in possession and half a year's profits of lands in reversion. The right was abandoned by the Act abolishing feudal tenures (12 Car. II. c. 24)".Encyc. Brit, 9th. ed. vol. 21, p. 626, seisin
^ Source re primer seisin: The Dialogue ofn ^{[clarification needed]} the Exchequer, printed in Douglas, D.C. et al. (eds.) English Historical Documents 1042–1189, London, 1959, pp. 490–569
^ Wikisource:Wardships, etc. Act 1267

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Seisin". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.