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Scatopsidae
	Minute black scavenger flies on oxeye daisy.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Suborder:	Nematocera
Infraorder:	Bibionomorpha
Superfamily:	Scatopsoidea
Family:	Scatopsidae; Newman, 1834
Subfamilies
	Aspistinae; Ectaetiinae; Psectrosciarinae; Scatopsinae;

Scatopsidae on Impatiens

The minute black scavenger flies or "dung midges", are a family, Scatopsidae, of nematoceran flies. Despite being distributed throughout the world, they form a small family with only around 250 described species in 27 genera, although many await description and doubtless even more await discovery. These are generally small, sometimes minute, dark flies (from 0.6 to 5 mm), generally similar to black flies (Simuliidae), but usually lacking the humped thorax characteristic of that family.

The larvae of most species are unknown, but the few that have been studied have a rather flattened shape and are terrestrial and saprophagous.

Scatopsids are a well established group and fossils are known from amber deposits dating back to the Cretaceous period.

Scatopse notata (Linnaeus, 1758) is a cosmopolitan species. Its larval stages are found in decaying plant and animal material.

Genera

Anapausis Enderlein, 1912
Apiloscatopse Cook, 1874
Arthria Kirby, 1837
Aspistes Meigen, 1818
Austroclemina
Borneoscatopse
Brahemyia Amorim, 2007
Coboldia Melander, 1916 (sometimes erroneously as Colboldia)
Colobostema Enderlein, 1926
Cooka Amorin, 2007
Diamphidicus Cook, 1971
Efcookella
Ectaetia Enderlein, 1912
Ferneiella Cook, 1974
Hawomersleya Cook, 1971
Holoplagia Enderlein, 1912
† Mesoscatopse
Neorhegmoclemina
Parascatopse Cook, 1955
Parmaferia Cook, 1977
† Procolobostema
† Protoscatopse
Psectrosciara Kieffer, 1911
Quateiella Cook, 1975
Reichertella Enderlein, 1912
Rhegmoclema Enderlein, 1912
Rhegmoclemina Enderlein, 1936
Rhexoza Enderlein, 1936
Scatopse Geoffroy, 1762 (sometimes erroneously as Scatops or Scathops)
Swammerdamella Enderlein, 1912
Thripomorpha Enderlein, 1905

Description

Adult Scatopsidae are 0.6-5.0 mm long. They can be distinguished from other fly families by their wings and relatively short antennae.^[1] The wing has strong veins along the anterior margin while the remaining veins are generally weak, and the fork of vein Cu is at the wing base.^[2]

The larvae are dorsoventrally flattened with an exerted head capsule, meaning it cannot be retracted. They have a peripneustic respiratory system. Some taxa have spiracles on protuberances.^[3]

Life cycle

Eggs of Scatopsidae are laid on moist substrates in crescent-shaped masses of about 50-300 eggs. Females shortly after laying. The eggs take about 35 days to hatch, though it depends on temperature.^[4]

The life cycle take 3–4 weeks to complete in the common species Coboldia fuscipes and S. notata. The adult stage is generally quite short, usually 2-3 or 4–5 days.^[4]

Ecology

Adult Scatopsidae live in various habitats, though they are more frequent and diverse in open, fresh and marshy habitats. Some species are known to feed on flowers, especially Apiaceae.^[4]

Larvae live in various kinds of decomposing organic matter. Plant matter is preferred by Scatopsini and Swammerdamellini, with Ectaetia living in rotten wood, Arthria and Rhexoza under bark of decaying trees, and Ectaetia and Holoplagia in tree holes. Various genera are terricolous (living in soil), with Aspistes in sandy soils, Parascatopse in saltings, some Psectrosciarinae and Rhegmoclematini in wet/marshy soils, and Apiloscatopse in forest leaf litter. Fungi are used by Coboldia fuscipes as well as species of Scatopse and Apiloscatopse. Various genera including Scatopse, Coboldia, Cookella and Anapausis live in dung. Animal matter such as carrion is used by Scatopse and Coboldia. A few species of Colobostema and Holoplagia are myrmecophilous (associated with ants), and presumably feed on debris in ant nests. There are even some Scatopsinae which are aquatic, living in forest springs and presumably feeding on waterlogged dead leaves.^[4]

Larvae of C. fuscipes and S. notata have also been reported from the waste of canneries and wineries.^[5]

Behaviour

Scatopsidae may form swarms of up to thousands of individuals, sometimes including several species at once, possibly for reproduction. Scatopsidae mate in a tail-tail position and mating can last for a long time. One species, Thripomorpha halterata, has been observed doing rhythmic wing movements while swarming, which may be a courtship behaviour.^[4]

Name

The family name Scatopsidae literally translates to "looks like feces" (from Greek skat "dung" and opsi "appearance"). It is derived from the genus Scatopse, which has been frequently misspelled as Scatops.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Dennis P. Gordon. Christchurch, N.Z.: Canterbury University Press. 2009–2012. p. 329. ISBN 978-1-877257-72-8. OCLC 340800193.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ "Family Scatopsidae - Minute Black Scavenger Flies". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2023-02-22.
^ "Diptera | What Bug Is That?". anic.csiro.au. Retrieved 2023-02-22.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Haenni, J. P. (1997). "Family Scatopsidae". In Papp, L.; Darvas, B. (eds.). Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with special reference to flies of economic importance). Volume 2. Nematocera and Lower Brachycera. Budapest: Science Herald. pp. 255–272.
^ "Scatopsidae -a/o Catalog". hbs.bishopmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-02-22.

[1]^{[permanent dead link‍]} - Family descriptions

External links

Scatopsidae in Italian
BioLib: Incomplete taxonomic tree of Scatopsidae
List of nearctic Scatopsidae species
Picture of Rhegmoclema hubachecki
Diptera.info Images
EOL images

[1] New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Dennis P. Gordon. Christchurch, N.Z.: Canterbury University Press. 2009–2012. p. 329. ISBN 978-1-877257-72-8. OCLC 340800193.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

[2] "Family Scatopsidae - Minute Black Scavenger Flies". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2023-02-22.

[3] "Diptera | What Bug Is That?". anic.csiro.au. Retrieved 2023-02-22.

[:0-4] Haenni, J. P. (1997). "Family Scatopsidae". In Papp, L.; Darvas, B. (eds.). Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with special reference to flies of economic importance). Volume 2. Nematocera and Lower Brachycera. Budapest: Science Herald. pp. 255–272.

[5] "Scatopsidae -a/o Catalog". hbs.bishopmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-02-22.

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Scatopsidae

Genera

Description

Life cycle

Ecology

Behaviour

Name

See also

References

Further reading

Species descriptions

Fossil record

External links

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