Samuel Fosso

For the Cameroonian researcher, author, and academic, see Samuel Wamba Fosso.

Samuel Fosso (born July 17, 1962) is a Cameroonian-born Nigerian photographer who has worked for most of his career in the Central African Republic. His work includes using self-portraits adopting a series of personas, often commenting on the history of Africa. One of his most famous works of art, and what he is best known for, is his "autoportraits" where he takes either himself or other more recognizable people and draws them in a style of popular culture or politics.[1] He is recognized as one of Central Africa's leading contemporary artists.[2]

He won the Prince Claus Award from the Netherlands in 2001 and the Deutsche Börse Photography Foundation Prize in 2023.[3]

Early life

Fosso was born in Kumba, Cameroon, to Nigerian parents. He grew up in Afikpo, his ancestral home, until he had to flee to Bangui in the Central African Republic at the age of thirteen in 1972 in the wake of the Nigerian Civil War.[4][5]

Career

In Bangui he began to work as an assistant photographer when he was twelve, and a year later as a portrait photographer with his own studio in Bangui, 'Studio Photo Nationale'.[6] Initially he made self-portraits to fill up the unused parts of his photographic films. These photographs were destined for his mother, who had stayed behind in Nigeria. The making of self-portraits became an objective on its own for him.[7][8]

As a teenager working in the studio Fosso would often take colorful self portraits in between client photo shoots. His work was discovered by a collection of African intellectuals and writers including Okwui Enwezor and Iké Udé, bringing Fosso into a more active role in the art community for his adult career.[9][10]

In 1994 Fosso became known abroad when he won the first edition of African Photography Encounters in Bamako, Mali.

Fosso explores the idea of self-presentation and gender representation, experimenting with props, costumes, and poses in flamboyant 1970s fashion.[11] For his self-portraits he used a delayed shutter release allowing Fosso up to ten seconds to pose for each photograph.[12] He often used cloth backgrounds, in front of which he dressed up in costumes that varied greatly: authentic European costumes, African folk costumes, navy uniforms, karate keikogis, boxer shorts, and so on.[5][7][10][13]

He has portrayed Angela Davis, Malcolm X, Muhammad Ali, Nelson Mandela,[14] Martin Luther King Jr. and other black iconic figures. In his series African Spirits, Fosso conveys empowerment and the art of storytelling through his self portraits of celebrated black figures.

On February 5, 2014, amidst looting after sectarian violence, Fosso's home studio in Bangui, containing his complete archive, was ransacked. This was discovered by chance by photojournalist Jerome Delay, who, along with fellow photojournalist Marcus Bleasdale, and Peter Bouckaert (Emergency Director at Human Rights Watch), rescued the majority of its contents, estimated at 20,000 negatives and 150 to 200 prints, though Fosso's cameras were stolen. Fosso was in Paris at the time.[15][16][17]

The Tati Series

The Tati Series (1997) is one of Fasso’s first performative oeuvre or works, in which he works with color.[18]  Originally the Tati Series was meant to be in black and white as was traditional in West African studio photography, for a brand that invited Fasso and two other photographers. He refused the initial project, making The Tati Series color portraits rather than in black and white.[19] In this 1997 series, Fasso uses bold colors and flamboyant fabrics while dressing up as various cliche personas.[20] The cliche personas consist of the liberated American housewife, the pirate, the famous African chief, or the overly coiffed bourgeois woman.[20] The Tati Series evokes a clash of costumes and cultures in the colonial experience.[20] Its message was about segregation, slavery, and a demand for independence and freedom.[21]

The Chief: He Who Sold Africa To The Colonists

In 1997, Fosso released his work The Chief: He Who Sold Africa To The Colonists Archived October 19, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, which would quickly become one of his most iconic works. In it he depicts himself as a decorated chief, covered in leopard skins, a plethora of gold necklaces and coral beads tangled around his neck, dense gold bracelets and heavy gold rings around his hands and fingers. In his right hand he holds a thick bouquet of gigantic sunflowers. His feet rest bare on a printed mat with a pair of red leather boots beside them.[22] In the self-portrait Fosso conceptualizes the idea of Africa having been sold through the use of historical caricatures of these authoritative figures who committed the violence of selling their own people and resources for personal gain.[23] Fosso himself confirms this in an interview with Guardian Newspaper correspondent, Jon Henley. He shares that in the photo he portrays himself as all the African chiefs who have sold their Africa to White men. His message being that Africa had her own systems and rulers before the White man arrived, and the portrait is both about the history of the White and Black men in Africa. And although they may try to cover it up, underneath it's still all the same.[24]

African Spirits

In 2008, he unveiled one of his most celebrated works, “African Spirits”.[2] Fosso's theatrical self portraits pay tribute to fourteen political, intellectual, and cultural figures from Pan-African historical movements and the U.S. Civil Rights Movement. The photographs are made of gelatin silver print mounted on dibond and sized 162.8 by 122 centimeters.[25] Fosso unveiled African Spirits during the election of the first black president, Barack Obama. This was an important landmark in U.S. History, further expanding Fosso's message of black empowerment and the celebration of black history.

Influenced by his Igbo heritage and Igbo performance traditions of masquerade and body art, Fosso utilizes the concept of the “living dead” in African Spirits, the idea that the spirit of those before us remain close to the living.[2]

In an article from African contemporary publisher Revue Noire, editor Simon Njami reflects upon African Spirits, “Fosso has disappeared entirely… The bodies that we see represented are no longer his but those of people he impersonates.”[26] For example, in his portrait of Angela Davis,[27] Fosso is costumed in Davis' iconic afro hairstyle and fashion transforming himself into a 1970s political activist. This concept of theatrical mimicry gives empowerment to the people he embodies and the ideals they stood for.

Fosso was inspired by photographs of Even Arnold and Malcolm X, mimicking their portraits in great detail and transforming into the icons of black history. In his photographs is the recurring theme of storytelling, the performative impersonation of another person or idea. Through storytelling, Fosso is empowering and reclaiming the identity of himself, his subject, and his audience.

Steve Nelson comments on the glamorous and nostalgic theme Fosso adopts after African Independence, the Civil Rights Movement and the rise of Black Nationalism in the 1960s and 1970s. “African Spirits points to an exploration of Pan-Africanist identity grounded in the political ideals of the 1960s, which stressed a shared politics of struggle for black people worldwide.”[28] Fosso's famous self portraits celebrate and challenge concepts of Pan-African identity.

The Emperor of Africa

In 2013, Fosso unveiled his new series, The Emperor of Africa.[29] In this series, Fosso “explores the relationship between Africa and China by recontextualizing icons of Mao Zedong”.[30] Like many other self-portraits in The Emperor of Africa, the self-portrait of Fosso as Mao Zedong is seen as a reflection Mao Zedong's image, as well as a symbol of the economic interests Africa had with China.[31] In Gabriel García Márquez's novel, Autumn of the Patriarch, she describes Fosso's Mao Zedong Portrait as an “ancestral figure and absent dictator” . Fosso not only portrays Mao Zedong as a liberator who is well-admired in Africa, but also as a founder “of a modern imperial behemoth” of China's growing economy and cultural presence that is embraced throughout Africa.[32]

Photographic style

Fosso's style is somewhat comparable with that of Diane Arbus, in that his self-portraits show a glimpse of our own humanity. Arbus's photography has been said to show that everyone has their own identity, that is to say what remains when we take away the rest. In contrast Fosso's varying costumes are said to show that identity is determined partly as well by things over which humans lack control. His work has therefore also been characterized as having a disclosure of how humans can in fact create their own identity.[7]

Awards

Publications

  • Samuel Fosso. Seydou Keita. Malick Sidibe. Portraits of Pride. West African Portrait Photography. Raster Forlag, 2003. ISBN 978-9171006776.
  • Maria Francesca and Guido Schlinkert. Samuel Fosso. 5Continents, 2008. ISBN 978-8874391011.
  • Simon Njami and Samuel Fosso. Samuel Fosso – PHotoBolsillo International, Revue Noire, 2011. ISBN 978-8492841622.

Collections

Fosso's work is held in the following public collections:

References

  1. ^ Raz-Russo, Michal. "Samuel Fosso". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Lowery, Rebecca (2008). "Samuel Fosso". Museum of Modern Art.
  3. ^ a b "'Man of 1,000 faces' wins Deutsche Börse photography prize". The Guardian. May 11, 2023. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved May 11, 2023.
  4. ^ Jeune Afrique – Les 50 qui font le Camerou (April 28, 2009) biography (in French)
  5. ^ a b c Brigitte Ollier, "Samuel Fosso, le Narcisse noir" Libération, August 3, 2010. (in French)
  6. ^ Henley, John (June 19, 2011). "Photographer Samuel Fosso's best shot". The Guardian. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  7. ^ a b c Museum of Art Ulrich, biography Archived January 16, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Taylor, Jessica (June 27, 2002). "Here's looking at me". The Guardian. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  9. ^ Peffer-Engels, John (Winter 1997). "In/sight: African photographers, 1940 to the present". African Arts. 30 (1). Los Angeles: 73–75. ProQuest 220992177.
  10. ^ a b Hölzl, Ingrid (May 1, 2009). "Self-Portrait/Self-Vision: The Work of Samuel Fosso". Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art. 2009 (24): 40–47. doi:10.1215/10757163-24-1-40. ISSN 1075-7163. S2CID 194017808.
  11. ^ "Samuel Fosso - Self Portrait". International Center of Photography. January 31, 2018.
  12. ^ Oguibe, Olu (2015). "Samuel Fosso". Aperture (221): 88–93. ISSN 0003-6420. JSTOR 43825306.
  13. ^ Klein, Melanie. "Melanie Klein (2012): "Between history, politics and the self. Photographic portraiture in contemporary art from Africa", in: Jana Gohrisch and Ellen Grünkemeier (Eds.), Listening to Africa. Anglophone African literatures and cultures, Heidelberg, pp. 69-91". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ^ "Samuel Fosso - Nelson Mandela". Artsy - Purdy Hicks Gallery.
  15. ^ Beaumont, Peter (February 6, 2014). "Rescued from war-torn Bangui: photographer Samuel Fosso's life work". The Guardian. Retrieved February 6, 2014.
  16. ^ Delay, Jerome (February 6, 2014). "Looted, but Not Lost: An African Artist's Life Work". Retrieved February 6, 2014.
  17. ^ Peter, Bouckaert (February 5, 2014). "Dispatch: Discovering Beauty Amid the Carnage". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2014.
  18. ^ "Samuel Fosso: A Glass Ceiling Breaker". Sothebys. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
  19. ^ "Samuel Fosso: TATI". Contemporary And (in German). Retrieved May 24, 2023.
  20. ^ a b c Falconer, Morgan (2005). "Africa Remix. London, Paris and Tokyo". The Burlington Magazine. 147 (1227): 422–423. ISSN 0007-6287. JSTOR 20074024.
  21. ^ "The Lives of Samuel Fosso". Aperture. June 1, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
  22. ^ Sims, Theresa (2019). "Selling Africa: Samuel Fosso's The Chief: He Who Sold Africa to the Colonists". Journal of Contemporary African Art. 44 (1): 52–63. doi:10.1215/10757163-7547442. S2CID 201499149 – via Project MUSE.
  23. ^ "Self-portrait and Self-identity in the Works of Samuel Fosso". HASTA. December 9, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  24. ^ Henley, Jon (June 19, 2011). "Photographer Samuel Fosso's best shot". The Guardian Newspaper.
  25. ^ "Samuel Fosso". Purdy Hicks Gallery. 2019.
  26. ^ Njami, Simon (2010). "Monography of the Central-African Photographer Samuel Fosso". Revue Noire.
  27. ^ "Samuel Fosso - Angela Davis". Artsy - Purdy Hicks Gallery. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
  28. ^ Nelson, Steve (Spring 2019). "Nelson Mandela's Two Bodies". Transition (116): 130–142. doi:10.2979/transition.116.130. JSTOR 10.2979/transition.116.130. S2CID 154241514.
  29. ^ Bohnacker, Siobhán (September 12, 2014). "The Spirits of Samuel Fosso". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  30. ^ "The Emperor of Africa | Projects". Art Base Africa. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  31. ^ "Samuel Fosso | The Walther Collection | Artsy". www.artsy.net. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  32. ^ "Samuel Fosso: Emperor of Africa". Aperture Foundation NY. January 28, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  33. ^ Prince Claus Fund, Awards
  34. ^ "Samuel Fosso. Untitled from the series African Spirits. 2008". Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
  35. ^ "Samuel Fosso (1962)". Purdy Hicks Gallery.
  36. ^ "The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston Collections". Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  37. ^ Tate. "Samuel Fosso born 1962". Tate. Retrieved June 25, 2020.

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