Salix herbacea

Salix herbacea
Female plant with red fruits
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Salicaceae
Genus: Salix
Species:
S. herbacea
Binomial name
Salix herbacea

Salix herbacea, the dwarf willow, least willow or snowbed willow, is a species of tiny creeping willow (family Salicaceae) adapted to survive in harsh arctic and subarctic environments. Distributed widely in alpine and arctic environments around the North Atlantic Ocean, it is one of the smallest woody plants.

Distribution

Leaves and seed capsules

Salix herbacea is adapted to survive in harsh environments, and has a wide distribution on both sides of the North Atlantic, in arctic northwest Asia, northern Europe, Greenland, and eastern Canada, and further south on high mountains, south to the Pyrenees, the northern Apennines, the Alps and the Rila in Europe, and the northern Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States. It grows in tundra and rocky moorland, usually at over 1,500 metres (5,000 feet) elevation in the south of its range but down to sea level in the Arctic.[1][2][3]

Description

The dwarf willow is one of the smallest woody plants in the world. It typically grows to only 1–6 centimetres (1⁄2–2+1⁄2 inches) in height, with spreading prostrate branches, reddish brown and very sparsely hairy at first, growing just underground forming open mats. The leaves are deciduous, rounded, crenate to toothed and shiny green with paler undersides, 0.3–2 cm long and broad. Like other willows, it is dioecious, with male and female catkins on separate plants. As a result, the plant's appearance varies; the female catkins are red-coloured when ripe, while the male catkins are yellow-coloured.[1][2][4]: 382 [5]: 88  In colder biomes with habitat fragmentation, geographic isolation, and heterogeneous availability of resources, the dwarf willow often exhibits clonal propagation[6] of genets in which ramets are physiologically integrated and thereby share resources. Some genets of the dwarf willow in the Northern Apennines in Italy are at least 2000 years old.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b Meikle, R. D. (1984). Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland. BSBI Handbook No. 4. ISBN 0-901158-07-0.
  2. ^ a b Salicaceae of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Salix herbacea
  3. ^ "Salix herbacea". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  4. ^ Blamey, M.; Fitter, R.; Fitter, A (2003). Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora. London: A & C Black. ISBN 978-1408179505.
  5. ^ Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521707725.
  6. ^ de Witte, Lucienne C.; Stöcklin, Jürg (December 2010). "Longevity of clonal plants: why it matters and how to measure it". Annals of Botany. 106 (6): 859–870. doi:10.1093/aob/mcq191. PMC 2990663.
  7. ^ Centenaro, Giada; Petraglia, Alessandro; Carbognani, Michele; Piotti, Andrea; Hudek, Csilla; Büntgen, Ulf; Crivellaro, Alan (October 2023). "The oldest known clones of Salix herbacea growing in the Northern Apennines, Italy are at least 2000 years old". American Journal of Botany. 110 (10). doi:10.1002/ajb2.16243.