Saguenay River

Saguenay River
Saki-nip, Pitchitaouichetz (Innu-aimun)
Kouate, Kyokiaye, Ouatheronnon (Wendat)
Ktadoosôk (Mi'kmawi'simk)
Saguenay River, inside the Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park
EtymologyInnu: leaving water, watersource; river of death; river flowing between two mountain ranges[1][2]
Wendat: a large distance away; multiple spruces; opening, hole[3][4][5]
Native nameRivière Saguenay (French)
Location
CountryCanada
ProvinceQuebec
RegionSaguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean
Physical characteristics
SourceLac Saint-Jean
 • locationAlma, Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean
 • coordinates48°32′28″N 71°36′54″W / 48.54111°N 71.61500°W / 48.54111; -71.61500
 • elevation102 m
MouthSaint Lawrence River
 • location
Tadoussac / Baie-Sainte-Catherine, Côte-Nord / Capitale-Nationale
 • coordinates
48°07′45″N 69°42′13″W / 48.12917°N 69.70361°W / 48.12917; -69.70361
 • elevation
3 m
Length170 km (110 mi)[6]
Basin size88,000 km2 (34,000 sq mi)[7]
Discharge 
 • locationSaint Lawrence River[7]
 • average1,750 m3/s (62,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • left(upstream) ruisseau du Lac de l'Aqueduc, outlet of Lac de l'Anse à l'Eau, outlet of Petit lac de la Pointe à la Croix, outlet of Lac de la Boule, stream Desgagnés, ruisseau de l'Anse Creuse, cours d'eau Paul-Simard, outlet of Lac à Charlie, outlet of Lac des Mouches, Sainte-Marguerite, stream Gagnon, outlet of Lac de l'Anse à René, outlet of Lac Betty Baldwin, ruisseau de l'Ermite, outlet of Lac de la Voile, stream Biscambi, stream Fortin, stream Lac à Thomas, lake Damiens, outlet of Le Grand Lac, outlet of lake Pluto, stream Rouge, ruisseau à la Mine, rivière de la Descente des Femmes, outlet of lake Poléon, stream Neil, Pelletier River, décharge du lac José, ruisseau des îles, ruisseau Glissant, ruisseau du Moulin, rivière aux Outardes, stream Lajoie, Valin River, Caribou River, stream Sauvage, ruisseau à Paul, Michaud River (Saguenay River), rivière aux Vases (Saguenay River), Shipshaw River, outlet of lake Virgule, rivière des Aulnaies, stream des Portes de l'Enfer, outlet of lake Marcelle, stream Duclos, stream Gauthier, ruisseau du Lac Lucie, ruisseau de la Savane, ruisseau Gervais, outlet of lake Cimon, cours d'eau Beaumont, cours d'eau Larouche, cours d'eau Bouchard, cours d'eau Desbiens, Mistouk River, rivière aux Harts, rivière aux Chicots, stream Rouge.
 • right(upstream) Petites Îles River, Saint-Étienne River, Saint-Athanase River, Petit Saguenay River, Saint-Jean River, Éternité River, stream Aimable, rivière à la Croix, ruisseau aux Cailles, Ha! Ha! River, rivière à Mars, rivière à Benjamin, rivière du Moulin, rivière aux Rats, Chicoutimi River, rivière aux Sables, La Petite Décharge.

The Saguenay River (French: Rivière Saguenay, [ʁivjɛʁ saɡnɛ]) is a major river of Quebec, Canada. It drains Lac Saint-Jean in the Laurentian Highlands, leaving at Alma and running east; the city of Saguenay is located on the river. It drains into the Saint Lawrence River. Tadoussac, founded as a French colonial trading post in 1600, is located on the northeast bank at this site.

The river has a very high flow-rate and is bordered by steep cliffs associated with the Saguenay Graben. Tide waters flow in its fjord upriver as far as Chicoutimi (about 100 kilometres). Many Beluga whales breed in the cold waters at its mouth, making Tadoussac a popular site for whale watching and sea kayaking; Greenland sharks also frequent the depths of the river. The area of the confluence of the Saguenay and Saint Lawrence is protected by the Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park, one of Canada's national parks.

History

First Nations people, including Innus, have inhabited the Saguenay Fjord area for thousands of years prior to the first Europeans arriving.[8] The first European to visit the area was Jacques Cartier, in 1535. After Samuel de Champlain established a fort in 1608 on the northern shores of the St. Lawrence River (around present-day Quebec City), various Indigenous peoples, including Innu, Haudenosaunee(Iroquois), Huron, Algonquins and Cree all traded along the Saguenay River.[9] They named the river for the legendary Kingdom of Saguenay. It is the namesake of Saguenay Herald at the Canadian Heraldic Authority.

Beginning in the 19th century, the river was exploited for transport and power by the logging and pulp and paper industries. A dam on the upper Saguenay generates hydroelectricity for local industries, such as aluminum smelting and paper mills.[6]

Severe flooding of the Saguenay's tributary rivers from July 18 to 21, 1996, devastated the region in one of Canada's costliest natural disasters, the Saguenay Flood.[10] However, an unexpected effect of the flood was to cover the heavily contaminated sediments at the bottom of the river with 10 to 50 centimetres (3.9 to 19.7 in) of new, relatively clean sediments. Research has shown that the old sediments are no longer a threat to ecosystems.[11]

Geography

The Saguenay originates in Lac Saint-Jean at Alma. There are two channels: La Petite Décharge and La Grande Décharge, on which is built the dam Île Maligne hydroelectric plant.[12] The island formed by these two rivers is part of the municipality of Alma.[13] At this place, the water is freshwater. Three bridges cross the "Petite Décharge" and two others cross the "Grande Décharge". It is when these two rivers meet just east of Alma that the Saguenay really begins. It begins in the form of a reservoir several kilometers long, unlike the rapids and powerful falls that dotted the river before the erection of dams.

At Shipshaw, Quebec, the Saguenay splits again in two. On the northern watercourse, there is the Shipshaw hydroelectric station[14] and, on the south side, the Chute-à-Caron power plant.[15] It is here that the Aluminum Bridge is located.

Between Chicoutimi and Jonquière, the two spillway weirs [fr] come together to form the Saguenay. It becomes accessible to navigation at this point. Moreover, Chicoutimi means "how deep is it" [16] in Innu-aimun. In downtown Chicoutimi, the Dubuc bridge [fr] and the Sainte-Anne bridge [fr] are located. At Tadoussac, a ferry provides the link between Tadoussac and Baie-Sainte-Catherine.

Tributaries

The significant tributaries of the Saguenay are (going upstream):

Riverside municipalities

Downstream

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Rivière Saguenay". Commission de toponymie. Gouvernement du Québec. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  2. ^ "Pitchitaouichetz". Commission de toponymie. Gouvernement du Québec. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  3. ^ "Kouate". Commission de toponymie. Gouvernement du Québec. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  4. ^ "Kyokiaye". Commission de toponymie. Gouvernement du Québec. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  5. ^ "Ouatheronnon". Commission de toponymie. Gouvernement du Québec. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  6. ^ a b Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 328–329. ISBN 0-89577-087-3.
  7. ^ a b Natural Resources Canada, Atlas of Canada - Rivers Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Iankova, Katia; Hassan, Azizul; l'Abbe, Rachel (22 March 2016). Indigenous People and Economic Development: An International Perspective. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-11730-8.
  9. ^ Samson, Colin; Gigoux, Carlos (16 December 2016). Indigenous Peoples and Colonialism: Global Perspectives. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-5095-1457-1.
  10. ^ The Saguenay Flood
  11. ^ Project Saguenay
  12. ^ Barrage Isle-Maligne
  13. ^ Alma - Island on the Saguenay
  14. ^ "Details".
  15. ^ "Details".
  16. ^ Pierre-Georges Roy, "The Geographical Names of the Province of Quebec", Lévis, Le Soleil, 1906, p. 130.

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