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STS-37
	The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory after deployment, photographed from Atlantis's flight deck.
Names	Space Transportation System-37
Mission type	Compton Gamma Ray Observatory deployment
Operator	NASA
COSPAR ID	1991-027A
SATCAT no.	21224
Mission duration	5 days, 23 hours, 32 minutes, 44 seconds
Distance travelled	2,487,075 mi (4,002,559 km)
Orbits completed	93
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft	Space Shuttle Atlantis
Launch mass	116,040 kg (255,820 lb)
Landing mass	86,227 kg (190,098 lb)
Payload mass	17,204 kg (37,928 lb)
Crew
Crew size	5
Members	Steven R. Nagel; Kenneth D. Cameron; Linda M. Godwin; Jerry L. Ross; Jerome Apt;
EVAs	2
EVA duration	10 hours, 29 minutes; 1st EVA: 4 hours, 32 minutes; 2nd EVA: 5 hours, 57 minutes;
Start of mission
Launch date	April 5, 1991, 14:22:45 UTC (9:22:45 am EST)
Launch site	Kennedy, LC-39B
Contractor	Rockwell International
End of mission
Landing date	April 11, 1991, 13:55:29 UTC (5:55:29 am PST)
Landing site	Edwards, Runway 33
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric orbit
Regime	Low Earth orbit
Perigee altitude	450 km (280 mi)
Apogee altitude	462 km (287 mi)
Inclination	28.45°
Period	93.70 minutes
Instruments
	Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS); Ascent Particle Monitor (APM); Bioserve/Instrumentation Technology Associates Materials Dispersion Apparatus (BIMDA); Crew and Equipment Translation Aid (CETA); Protein Crystal Growth (PCG); Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME Ill); Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX II);
	; STS-37 mission patch; ; Standing in EVA suits: Apt and Ross; Seated: Cameron, Nagel and Godwin Space Shuttle program ← STS-35 (38) STS-39 (40) →

STS-37, the thirty-ninth NASA Space Shuttle mission and the eighth flight of the Space Shuttle Atlantis, was a six-day mission with the primary objective of launching the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), the second of the Great Observatories program which included the visible-spectrum Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) and the infrared Spitzer Space Telescope.^[1] The mission also featured two spacewalks, the first since 1985.

Crew


Position	Astronaut
Commander	Steven R. Nagel Third spaceflight
Pilot	Kenneth D. Cameron First spaceflight
Mission Specialist 1	Linda M. Godwin First spaceflight
Mission Specialist 2 Flight Engineer	Jerry L. Ross Third spaceflight
Mission Specialist 3	Jerome Apt First spaceflight

Spacewalks

EVA 1

Personnel: Apt and Ross
Date: April 7, 1991 (≈18:00–22:00 UTC)^[2]
Duration: 4 hours, 32 minutes

EVA 2

Personnel: Apt and Ross
Date: April 8, 1991 (14:51–20:38 UTC)^[2]
Duration: 5 hours, 57 minutes

Crew seat assignments

Seat^[2]	Launch	Landing	Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck. Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck.
1	Nagel
2	Cameron
3	Apt	Godwin
4	Ross
5	Godwin	Apt
6	Unused
7	Unused

Preparations and launch

The STS-37 mission was successfully launched from launch pad 39B at 9:22:44 a.m. EST on April 5, 1991, from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Resumption of the countdown after the T−9-minute hold was delayed about 4 minutes 45 seconds because of two possible weather-condition violations of the launch commit criteria (LCC). The first concerned the cloud ceiling being 150 m (490 ft) less than the minimum of 2,400 m (7,900 ft) for a return-to-launch-site (RTLS) abort, and the second concerned the possible weather-condition (wind) effects on blast propagation. Both conditions were found acceptable and the launch countdown proceeded to a satisfactory launch to an inclination of 28.45°.^[3]^: 1 Launch weight: 116,040 kg (255,820 lb).

Compton Gamma Ray Observatory

The primary payload, the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), was deployed on flight day 3. CGRO's high-gain antenna failed to deploy on command; it was finally freed and manually deployed by Ross and Apt during an unscheduled contingency spacewalk, the first since April 1985. The following day, the two astronauts performed the first scheduled spacewalk since November 1985 to test means for astronauts to move themselves and equipment about while maintaining the then-planned Space Station Freedom. CGRO science instruments were Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE), imaging Compton Telescope (COMPTEL), Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) and Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (OSSE). CGRO was the second of NASA's four Great Observatories. The Hubble Space Telescope, deployed during Mission STS-31 in April 1990, was the first. CGRO was launched on a two-year mission to search for the high-energy celestial gamma ray emissions, which cannot penetrate Earth's atmosphere. At about 16,000 kg (35,000 lb), CGRO was the heaviest satellite to be deployed into low Earth orbit from the Shuttle. It was also designed to be the first satellite that could be refueled in orbit by Shuttle crews. Five months after deployment, NASA renamed the satellite the Arthur Holly Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, or Compton Observatory, after the Nobel Prize-winning physicist who did important work in gamma-ray astronomy.

Spacewalks

The first U.S. extravehicular activity (EVA) or spacewalk since 1985 was performed by Mission Specialists Ross and Apt after six failed attempts to deploy the satellite's high-gain antenna. Repeated commands by ground controllers at the Payload Operations Control Center, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and maneuvering of Atlantis and its Remote Manipulator System (Canadarm) robot arm, as well as CGRO's antenna dish, were to no avail in dislodging the boom. Ross and Apt were prepared for such a contingency, and Ross freed the antenna boom within 17 minutes after beginning the spacewalk. It was the first unscheduled contingency EVA since STS-51-D in April 1985. Deployment occurred about 18:35 EST, approximately 41⁄2 hours after it was scheduled.

The following day, on April 8, 1991, Ross and Apt made the first scheduled EVA since Mission STS-61-B in November 1985. The spacewalk was to test methods of moving crew members and equipment around the future Space Station Freedom. One of the experiments was to evaluate manual, mechanical and electrical power methods of moving carts around the outside of large structures in space. Although all three methods worked, the astronauts reported that propelling the cart manually or hand-over-hand worked best. With both EVAs, Ross and Apt logged 10 hours and 29 minutes walking in space during STS-37. Crew members also reported success with secondary experiments.

During the second EVA, a stainless steel palm restraint bar punctured the pressure bladder of Apt's right glove. However, the astronaut's hand and silk comfort glove partially sealed the hole, resulting in no detectable depressurization. In fact, the puncture was not noticed until postflight examination.^[3]

Additional payloads and experiments

Secondary payloads included Crew and Equipment Translation Aid (CETA), which involved scheduled six-hour spacewalk by astronauts Ross and Apt (see above); Ascent Particle Monitor (APM); Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX II); Protein Crystal Growth (PCG); Bioserve/Instrumentation Technology Associates Materials Dispersion Apparatus (BIMDA); Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME Ill); and Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS) experiment. Among the other payloads flown was the first flight of the Bioserve/Instrumentation Technology Associates Materials Dispersion Apparatus (BIMDA) to explore the commercial potential of experiments in the biomedical, manufacturing processes and fluid sciences fields, and the Protein Crystal Growth experiment, which has flown eight times before in various forms. Astronaut Pilot Kenneth D. Cameron was the primary operator of the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX), although all five crew members participated as amateur radio operators. It was arguably the first time that the astronauts received fast scan amateur television video from the ham radio club station (W5RRR) at Johnson Space Center (JSC).

During the spaceflight, the crew was additionally able to photograph the Kuwaiti oil fires on April 7, 1991, as the Gulf War was ongoing during the spaceflight.^[4]

Smoke plumes from a few of the Kuwaiti Oil Fires on April 7, 1991, as seen during STS-37.^[5]

Landing

On April 11, 1991, at 06:55:29 PDT, Atlantis landed on runway 33 at Edwards Air Force Base, California. The rollout distance was 1,940 m (6,360 ft), and the rollout time was 56 seconds. The landing was originally scheduled for April 10, 1991, but was delayed one day by weather conditions at Edwards and Kennedy Space Center (KSC). The orbiter returned to KSC on April 18, 1991. The landing weight was 86,227 kg (190,098 lb).

An incorrect call on winds aloft caused Atlantis to land 623 feet (190 metres) short of the lakebed runway's threshold marking. This did not present a problem, since the orbiter landed on the dry lakebed of Edwards, and was not obvious to most viewers. Had the landing been attempted at the Kennedy Space Center, the result would have been a touchdown on the paved underrun preceding the runway and would have been much more obvious. The landing speed was 168 knots equivalent airspeed (KEAS), 13 knots faster than the slowest landing of the Shuttle program, STS-28's 155 KEAS.^[6]

Mission insignia

The three stars on the top and seven stars on the bottom of the insignia symbolize the flight's numerical designation in the Space Transportation System's mission sequence. The stars also represented the Amateur Radio term "73" or "Best regards", consistent with the fact that the entire crew had become licensed and operated the SAREX-II experiment while on orbit.

Wake-up calls

NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15.^[7] Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.


Day	Song	Artist/Composer	Played for
Day 2	Music by Marching Illini Band	University of Illinois	Steven R. Nagel
Day 3	"The Marine Corp Hymn"	U. S. Naval Academy band	Kenneth D. Cameron
Day 4	"Hail Purdue"	Purdue University Band	Jerry L. Ross
Day 5	"Ten Thousand Men of Harvard"	Harvard University Glee Club	Jerome "Jay" Apt
Day 6	"La Bamba"	Brass Rhythm and Reeds	Linda M. Godwin
Day 7	Magnum, P.I. theme with a greeting from Tom Selleck		Linda M. Godwin, "a big Selleck fan"^[7]

References

^ "SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION STS-37 PRESS KIT" (PDF). NASA. April 1991. Retrieved July 1, 2011. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ ^a ^b ^c "STS-37". Spacefacts. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
^ ^a ^b Fricke, Robert W. (May 1991). STS-37 Space Shuttle mission report (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "S37-73-047 - STS-037 - Kuwait Oil Fires, Kuwait taken during the STS-37 mission". January 1991. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
^ "Astronaut Photo STS037-152-91".
^ Legler, Robert D.; Bennett, Floyd V. (September 1, 2011). "Space Shuttle Missions Summary" (PDF). Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Program Office. NASA. p. 45. NASA/TM–2011–216142. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 21, 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ ^a ^b Fries, Colin. "Chronology of wakeup calls" (PDF). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.