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	City of Columbus and Revenue Cutter Dexter; Schell and Hogan, 1884
History
Name	SS City of Columbus
Owner	Boston & Savannah Steamship Co.
Builder	Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works, Chester, Pennsylvania
Launched	June 19, 1878
Fate	Ran aground January 18, 1884 on Devil's Bridge off Martha's Vineyard
General characteristics
Tonnage	2250 grt
Tons burthen	2,200 tons
Length	275 ft (84 m)
Beam	38 ft (12 m)
Draft	26 ft (7.9 m)
Installed power	1500 hp compound steam engine
Sail plan	auxiliary sails on two masts, fore and aft
Speed	12.5 kt
Capacity	200 passengers, 2500 tons cargo
Crew	45 officers and men (January 18, 1884)

The passenger steamer City of Columbus ran aground on Devil's Bridge off the Gay Head Cliffs in Aquinnah, Massachusetts, in the early hours of January 18, 1884. She was owned by Boston & Savannah Steamship Company and was built in 1878 by Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works, at Chester, Pennsylvania. City of Columbus made regular runs from Boston, Massachusetts to Savannah, Georgia.^[1]

The shipwreck

On January 17, 1884, the steamer City of Columbus left Boston with a crew of 45 under the command of Captain Schuler E. Wright.^[1] Wright was very familiar with the area as he had made numerous trips through the reefs and sound of Martha's Vineyard. The captain left the City of Columbus's bridge in the hands of his Second Mate Edward Harding and went below to sleep.^[1] While off Martha's Vineyard at 3:45 am on January 18, the lookout yelled to the second mate that the Devil’s Bridge buoy was off the port bow rather than where it should have appeared off the starboard bow just before the ship struck a double ledge of submerged rocks.^[3]^{[Note 1]} Harding ordered the Quartermaster, Roderick A. McDonald, to go port followed by Captain Wright's order to "hard port" and once again the City of Columbus smacked against the reef. Wright attempted in vain to free the ship. Attempts to use the sails only pushed the boat further into the reef. After these attempts, Wright decided to go over the “obstruction”. This just made things worse. The captain gathered the 87 passengers from below and was in the midst of explaining their situation when a rush of water into the cabin forced all to the top deck, where a giant wave struck the boat and swept all women and children, and many of the men, into the frozen waters.^[1]

Two lifeboats were launched from the City of Columbus only to have the ocean waves smash them against the iron sides of the ship. One actually made it to land with four survivors; the other was later found awash, with one survivor, a sea captain who was revived. Passengers and crew attempted to stay afloat in the rough seas by holding onto the rigging of the ship. Lighthouse keeper Horiatio N. Pease and a complement of Gay Head Wampanoag Native Americans, including Donald F. Malonson's grandfather, Thomas Manning, braved the waves in two lifeboats to save passengers that had held on. The sea was so rough that the Wampanoags feared approaching the steamer would cause their own boat to get smashed, so they called to the men to dive off the rigging and come to the lifeboats. Most of those who attempted this were saved by the Natives.^[1]

The rescue effort was then continued when the revenue cutter Dexter, skippered by Captain Eric Gabrielson, came to their aid. The Dexter, being a smaller ship, was able to move about the wreckage and pull survivors off the rigging and masts. Two of the survivors were unconscious; Second Lieutenant John U. Rhodes saved them by tying himself to a rope and swimming to the wreck. Even after being hit with a piece of wreckage, he continued, climbing the rigging to bring the men back to safety. The City of Columbus had left Boston with 45 officers and crew and 87 passengers, only 17 crew members and 12 passengers survived the ordeal.^[1] This incident was reported as one of the worst ocean disasters of its time.^[5]

The shipwreck was later purchased by the Boston Towboat Company in 1886, and some parts were salvaged.^[6]

Notes

Footnotes

^ King cites 3:15 am as the time of the grounding^[4]

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l King, pp 63–69
^ "City of Columbus", Hunting New England Shipwrecks, Wreckhunter.net website
^ "Chronicle of the week – Abroad", The Week, 24 Jan 1884, volume 1, issue 8, p 126
^ King, p 65
^ "History of Gay Head Light, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts", New England Lighthouses: A Virtual Guide, newenglandlighthouses.net website
^ City of Columbus (+1884) Wrecksite

References cited

"Chronicle of the week – Abroad". The Week: A Canadian Journal of Politics, Literature, Science and Arts. 1 (8): 126. 24 Jan 1884. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
"City of Columbus". Hunting New England Shipwrecks. Wreckhunter.net website. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
"History of Gay Head Light, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts". New England Lighthouses: A Virtual Guide. Newenglandlighthouses.net website. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
King, Irving H. (1996). The Coast Guard Expands, 1865–1915: New Roles, New Frontiers. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. ISBN 978-1-55750-458-6.