The club was formed in 1926 as Associazione Calcio Napoli following the merger of US Internazionale Napoli and Naples Foot-Ball Club. Napoli saw relatively little success in its early years, winning their first major trophy in the 1962 Coppa Italia. Napoli then saw increased success in the late 1970s (including their second Coppa Italia in 1976) and especially in the 1980s, after the club acquired Diego Maradona in 1984. During his time in Naples, Maradona helped the team win several trophies, which led to the club retiring his number 10 jersey. During this period, Napoli won two league titles (in 1987 and 1990), the 1987 Coppa Italia, the 1990 Supercoppa Italiana, and their only European trophy with the 1989 UEFA Cup. Following his departure, however, Napoli struggled financially, and endured several relegations and a bankruptcy, prior to being re-founded in 2004 by film producer Aurelio De Laurentiis. Under his leadership, the club has stabilized, which has led to renewed on-field success, winning 2005–06 Serie C1, the 2012, 2014, and 2020 Coppa Italia titles, and the 2014 Supercoppa Italiana, eventually culminating in their third league title in 2023, the first since Maradona's departure.
By attendance, Napoli have the fourth-largest fan base in Italy,[2] and were ranked as the fifth highest-earning football club in Serie A, with $182 million in revenue during the 2017–18 season.[3] In 2018, Forbes estimated the club is the fifth most valuable club in Italy, worth $379 million. Napoli are also one of the associate members of the European Club Association.
Since 1959, the club has played their home games at the Stadio San Paolo, which was renamed Stadio Diego Armando Maradona after the Argentine striker's death in 2020. Napoli traditionally wear sky blue shirts, white shorts, and sky blue socks at home and white shirts, white or sky blue shorts, and white or sky blue socks away; this is derived from the shirts of Naples FBC and the shorts of Internazionale Napoli after the clubs merged to form Napoli's predecessor Internaples in 1922. Napoli have rivalries with Juventus, Roma, Internazionale and AC Milan. The club's anthem is "Napoli", one of the major hits of the Neapolitan singer Nino D'Angelo.[4]
Team of "Naples F.C.", predecessor of current club, in 1906
Although the club was officially founded in 1926, Napoli traces its roots to the first relevant Neapolitan club, founded as "Naples Foot-Ball & Croquet Club" in 1905 by English sailor William Poths and his associate Hector M. Bayon.[5][6] Neapolitans such as Conforti, Catterina and Amedeo Salsi were also involved; Salsi was named the club's first president.[7] The original kit of the club was a sky blue and navy blue striped shirt, with black shorts.[8] Naples' first match was a 3–2 win against the English crew of the boat Arabik with goals from William MacPherson, Michele Scafoglio and Léon Chaudoir.[9]
Early into its existence, the Italian Football Championship was limited to just northern clubs, so southern clubs competed against sailors[5] or in cups such as Thomas Lipton's Lipton Challenge Cup. In the cup competed between Naples FBC and Palermo FBC Naples won three finals.[10] The foreign contingent at the club broke off in 1911 to form Internazionale Napoli, who wore blue shirts with white shorts,[5] in time for both club's debut in the Italian Championship of 1912–13.[11] Each of the teams won a Prima Categoria southern Italian titles and therefore competed in the national semi-finals, Naples doing so in 1912–13 and Internazionale Napoli in 1913–14.[citation needed] They were set to face each other for the southern titles again in 1914–15 but it was cancelled due to World War I.[citation needed]
Due to financial pressure, the two rival clubs merged as the "Foot-Ball Club Internazionale-Naples", abbreviated as "FBC Internaples" on 2 October 1922.[12] Internaples', and later Napoli's kits are derived from those of Naples FBC and Internazionale Napoli; adopting the sky blue from Naples' shirts and the white shorts from Internazionale Napoli.[citation needed]
FBC Internaples
The merged club was seen by some media and fans to be a continuation of Internazionale Napoli rather than a new club; it played its games at Internazionale Napoli's Terme di Agnano rather than Naples FBC's Campo del Poligono and kept Internazionale Napoli's nickname of Gli Azzurri (The Blues) rather than I Blucelesti (The Navy Blue and Sky Blues) used by Naples.[13] Internaples were also given the nickname I Puledri (the foals), as the horse is a symbol of Naples.[14]
Internaples were immediately enrolled in the top-flight Prima Divisione Lega Sud championship, as both Internazionale Napoli and Naples competed in that division pre-merger. Since the end of World War I both clubs had lost dominance of the region to the likes of Puteolana and Savoia. Even with the combined strength of Internaples, Savoia still proved to be the top team in southern Italy. Internaples reached the interregional semi-finals of Lega Sud in each of its first two seasons, and reached the Lega Sud finals in 1925–26. This secured the club a spot in the new Divisione Nazionale for the following season.[15]
The birth of Associazione Calcio Napoli
Under the presidency of Giorgio Ascarelli, and likely under pressure from the new fascist government to "Italianize" the club,[15] Internaples changed its name to Associazione Calcio Napoli on 25 August 1926.[16] The newly renamed team also moved from the Terme di Agnano to a new stadium, the Stadio Militare dell'Arenaccia. After a poor start, with a sole point in an entire championship,[17] Napoli was re-admitted to Serie A's forerunner, the Divisione Nazionale, by the Italian Football Federation ("FIGC"), and began to improve thanks in part to Paraguayan-born Attila Sallustro, who was the first fully fledged hero to the fans.[18] He was a capable goal-scorer and eventually set the all-time goal-scoring record for Napoli, which was later surpassed by players like Diego Maradona and Marek Hamšík.[19]
Napoli moved to the new Stadio San Paolo in 1959, where they have played since.
Napoli entered the Serie A era under the management of William Garbutt.[20] During Garbutt's six-year stint, the club would be dramatically transformed, frequently finishing in the top half of the table.[17] This included two third-place finishes during the 1932–33 and 1933–34 seasons,[21] with added notables such as Antonio Vojak, Arnaldo Sentimenti and Carlo Buscaglia.[22] However, in the years leading up to World War II, Napoli went into decline, only surviving relegation in 1939–40 by goal average.[21]
Play restarted in 1945 with two divisions: one consisting of Serie A teams from the north and one combined division of Serie A and Serie B teams from the central and south, with the top four of each division advancing to the national round that followed. Napoli won the Centro-Sud Serie A-B to secure a place in the Divisione Nazionale (where they placed fifth) and automatic promotion to the next season's Serie A.[21] They were relegated after two seasons for a bribery scandal.[23] The club won the Serie B titles that season to ensure top flight football at the start of the 1950s.[24] Napoli moved to their new home ground Stadio San Paolo in 1959.[citation needed]
Despite erratic league form with highs and lows during this period, including multiple relegations and promotions, Napoli won their first major trophy when they beat SPAL to lift the Coppa Italia in 1962, with goals from Gianni Corelli and Pierluigi Ronzon.[25] The victory made Napoli the first team to win the Coppa while in Serie B, and they were promoted to Serie A that season. Their fourth relegation cut celebrations short the following season.[1]
Name change
As the club changed their name to Società Sportiva Calcio Napoli on 25 June 1964[1] they began to rise up again, gaining promotion in 1964–65. Under the management of former player Bruno Pesaola, they won the Coppa delle Alpi[1] and were back among the elite in Serie A, with consistent top-five finishes.[21] Napoli came very close to winning the league in 1967–68, finishing just behind Milan in second place.[21] Some of the most popular players from this period were Dino Zoff, José Altafini, Omar Sívori and hometown midfielder Antonio Juliano. Juliano would eventually break the appearance records, which still stands today.[22]
The trend of Napoli performing well in the league continued into the 1970s, with third place spots in 1970–71 and 1973–74.[21] Under the coaching of former player Luís Vinício, this gained them entry into the early UEFA Cup competitions. In 1974–75, they reached the third round knocking out Porto 2–0 en route. During the same season, Napoli finished second in Serie A, just two points behind champions Juventus.[21] Solid performances from locally born players such as Giuseppe Bruscolotti, Antonio Juliano and Salvatore Esposito were relied upon during this period, coupled with goals from Giuseppe Savoldi.[22]
The club won their second Coppa Italia trophy in 1975–76, eliminating Milan and Fiorentinaen route, before beating rivals Hellas Verona 4–0 in the finals. That season, they also defeated Southampton 4–1 on aggregate to lift the 1976 Anglo-Italian League Cup.[26] Napoli were entered into the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup for 1976–77, where they reached the semi-finals, losing 2–1 on aggregate to Anderlecht.[27] In the Italian league, Napoli were still very much a consistent top six side for much of the late 1970s.[21] Even into the earliest two seasons of the 1980s, the club were performing respectably with a third-place finish in 1980–81. Napoli's Primavera squad was also doing well at the time, winning the Torneo di Viareggio Cup in 1975 and their only Campionato Nazionale Primavera title in 1979.[28] However, by 1983, they had slipped dramatically and were involved in relegation battles.[21]
Napoli on the rise: Maradona era
Napoli broke the world transfer record fee after acquiring Diego Maradona in a €12 million deal from Barcelona on 30 June 1984.[29] The squad was gradually re-built, with the likes of Ciro Ferrara, Salvatore Bagni and Fernando De Napoli filling the ranks.[22] The rise up the tables was gradual, by 1985–86, they had a third-place finish under their belts, but better was yet to come. With the attacking trio of Maradona, Bruno Giordano, and Careca (nicknamed MaGiCa), the 1986–87 season was the landmark in Napoli's history, becoming just the third Italian team to win the double after securing the Serie A title by three points and then beating Atalanta BC 4–0 to lift the Coppa Italia.[1]
Napoli supporters celebrating the team's first scudetto in May 1987
Because a mainland Southern Italian team had never won the league before, this turned Maradona into a cultural, social and borderline religious icon for Neapolitans, which stretched beyond the realms of just football.[30]
Diego Maradona celebrating with the UEFA Cup trophy after beating VfB Stuttgart, May 1989
The club were unsuccessful in the European Cup in the following season and finished runners-up in Serie A. However, Napoli were entered into the UEFA Cup for 1988–89 and won their first major European titles.[1] Juventus, Bayern Munich and PAOK were defeated en route to the final, where Napoli beat VfB Stuttgart 5–4 on aggregate, with two goals from Careca and one each from Maradona, Ferrara and Alemão.[31]
Napoli added their second Serie A titles in 1989–90, defeating Milan by two points in the titles race.[1] However, this was surrounded by less auspicious circumstances as Napoli were awarded two points for a game, when in Bergamo, an Atalanta fan threw a 100 lira coin at Alemão's head.[21]
A controversial set of events set off at the 1990 World Cup, when Maradona made comments pertaining to North–South inequality in the country and the risorgimento, asking Neapolitans to root for Argentina in the semi-finals against Italy in Naples.[32]
I don't like the fact that now everybody is asking Neapolitans to be Italian and to support their national team. Naples has always been marginalised by the rest of Italy. It is a city that suffers the most unfair racism.
The Stadio San Paolo was the only stadium during the competition where the Argentine national anthem was not jeered,[33] Maradona bowed to the Napoli fans at the end and his country went on to reach the finals. However, after the finals, the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) forced Maradona to take a doping test, which he failed testing positive for cocaine; both Maradona and Napoli staff later claimed it was a revenge plot for events at the World Cup.[30] Maradona was banned for 15 months and would never play for the club again.[30] The club still won the Supercoppa Italiana that year, with a record 5–1 victory against Juventus, but it would be their last major trophy for 22 years. In the European Cup, they were eliminated in the second round.[34]
Decline
Though the club finished fourth during the 1991–92 season,[21] Napoli gradually went into decline after that season, both financially and on the field. Players such as Gianfranco Zola, Daniel Fonseca, Ciro Ferrara and Careca had all departed by 1994. Nonetheless, Napoli qualified for the 1994–95 UEFA Cup, reaching the third round and in 1996–97, Napoli appeared at the Coppa Italia finals, but lost 3–1 to Vicenza; Napoli's primavera squad won the Coppa Italia Primavera that season.[35][36] Napoli's league form had dropped lower, and relegation to Serie B came at the end of 1997–98 when they won only two matches all season.[21]
The club returned to Serie A after gaining promotion in the 1999–2000 season, though after a closely contested relegation battle, they were relegated immediately back down the following season.[21] By August 2004, Napoli was declared bankrupt.[37] To secure football in the city, film producer Aurelio De Laurentiis re-founded the club under the name Napoli Soccer, as they were not allowed to use their old name until the next season.[38]FIGC placed Napoli in Serie C1, where they missed out on promotion after losing 2–1 in play-offs to local rivals Avellino in 2004–05.[1]
Despite the fact Napoli were playing in a low division, they retained higher average attendances than most of the Serie A clubs, breaking the Serie C attendance record with 51,000 at one match.[39]
In the 2011–12 season, Napoli ended in fifth place in Serie A, but defeated unbeaten champions Juventus at the Stadio Olimpico to win the Coppa Italia for the fourth time in the club's history, 25 years after their last cup win. The team finished second in its group of the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League, progressing to the round of 16, where they were eliminated by eventual winners Chelsea. In 2012–13, Napoli finished in second place in Serie A, the club's best performance since winning the 1989–90Scudetto. Edinson Cavani finished as top scorer in the division with 29 goals, which resulted in him being sold to Paris Saint-Germain for a club-record fee of €64 million.[43]
In Sarri's first season in charge in the 2015–16 season, Napoli finished in second place with 82 points, and were knocked out of the Europa League in the round of 32 against Villarreal.[citation needed] In the following season, Napoli finished in 3rd place on 86 points and were knocked out of the Champions League in the round of 16 against Real Madrid.[citation needed] This year saw the breakout season for Dries Mertens who scored 34 goals in all competitions after he was moved from the left-wing to centre-forward following Milik's torn Anterior cruciate ligament.[citation needed]
In the 2017–18 season, Napoli challenged for the titles for the entire season, and finished with a club record of 91 points. However, the titles ultimately went to Juventus in the penultimate round of matches.[46] On 23 December 2017, Marek Hamšík overtook Diego Maradona as Napoli's all-time leading scorer after scoring his 115th goal.[47] At the end of the season, Sarri left for Chelsea, succeeded by Carlo Ancelotti in May 2018.[48][49] He managed the club to another second-place finish, but was sacked on 10 December 2019, following a poor run of results in the 2019–20 season which left them seventh in the table. Gennaro Gattuso was named head coach the next day.[50] On 14 June 2020, Dries Mertens became Napoli's all-time top scorer after scoring his 122nd goal in a Coppa Italia semi-finals match against Inter.[51] Napoli went on to win the 2019–20 Coppa Italia in a penalty shoot-out against Juventus in the finals.[52]
In December 2020, Napoli renamed San Paolo after club icon Diego Maradona, following his passing.[53] Napoli finished fifth in Serie A that season after a draw on the finals day, missing a Champions League berth by one point.[citation needed]
In the 2021–22 season, Luciano Spalletti replaced Gennaro Gattuso as head coach and led the team to the third place in Serie A, securing a Champions League spot for the azzurri after a two-years absence.[54]
Former logo used until the 2024–2025 season
In the 2022–23 season, Napoli clinched the Serie A titles for the first time since the 1989–90 season, and their third title overall, following a 1–1 draw against Udinese on 4 May 2023, their first time as titleholders since the days of Diego Maradona.[55][56] Meanwhile, in the Champions League, Spalletti led them to the quarter-finals for the first time in their European history, where they were beaten 2–1 (1–0 away and 1–1 at home) by fellow Serie A side Milan.[57]
The 2023-24 season proved to be extremely difficult for the club, as they went through three different coaches - Rudi Garcia, a returning Walter Mazzarri, and Francesco Calzona; this managerial instability, as well as the new hires largely not performing to the club's expectations, led the Azzurri to finish 10th in the league, 50 points behind eventual champions Inter. In Europe, the club passed the group stage of the 2023-24 UEFA Champions League in a group with Real Madrid, 1. FC Union Berlin, and SC Braga, but were ultimately eliminated by FC Barcelona in the round of 16.
For the 2024-25 season, the club signed Antonio Conte in a bid for a swift return to winning ways. Their season started out with a 3–0 away loss against Hellas Verona, but the Azzurri quickly bounced back with 5 wins and one draw in the following six matches.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Jersey number 10, retired in 2000 as tribute to Diego Maradona
In the summer of 2000, Napoli retired the jersey number 10 belonged to former club legend Diego Maradona, who played for the club from 1984 to 1991. In order, the last players to wear number 10 were Fausto Pizzi (1995–1996), Beto (in 1996–1997), Igor Protti in 1997–1998 was the last player to play and score a goal with the number 10 shirt in Serie A and Claudio Bellucci in 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 in Serie B. Karl Corneliusson wore the number 10 shirt in 2004–2005 in Serie C. In Serie C the starting players had to wear shirts with the number 1-11.[citation needed]
However, for regulatory reasons, the number was reissued on blue shirts 2004 to 2006 Serie C1, a tournament utilizing the old numbering from 1 to 11. The last player to wear and score goals with this shirt in an official match was Mariano Bogliacino in the home match of 18 May 2006 against Spezia, valid for the finals leg of the Supercoppa di Lega Serie C1; primacy belongs to him also for last appearance in the championship, 12 May 2006 at the home match against Lanciano. As regards exclusively the championship, however, the honour goes to the Argentine footballer Roberto Sosa, the distinction of being the last to wear the 10 at the San Paolo and at the same time to score in the match against Frosinone on 30 April 2006.[61]
As Naples is a coastal city, the colours of the club have always been derived from the blue waters of the Gulf of Naples.[62] Originally, while using the name Naples FBC, the colours of the club implemented two shades of blue.[63] However, since the 1920s, a singular blue tone has been used in the form of azure. Thus, Napoli share the nickname "Azzurri" with the Italy national team.[64] The shade of blue has been sky blue in many instances.
Napoli typically wear azure shirts with white shorts at home and white shirts with either white or blue shorts away, though in recent years the away kits have often deviated from this tradition.
One of the nicknames of Napoli is "I ciucci", which means "the donkeys" in the Neapolitan language. Napoli were given this name after a particularly poor performance during the 1926–27 season. It was originally meant to be derogatory, as the Neapolitan symbol is a rampant black horse,[65] but the club adopted the donkey as a mascot named "'O Ciuccio".[66]
Napoli's first badge featured a rampant horse on top of a football with the letters "ACN" around it. The current club badge features a large "N" placed within a circle. This crest can be traced back to Internazionale Napoli, which used a similar design on their shirts.[67] Since the club officially adopted the "N badge" as its representative, Napoli have altered it slightly at various times; sometimes it features the club's name around it, sometimes it does not.[68] The main difference between each badge is the shade of blue used. Usually the "N" is white, although it has occasionally been gold (especially prior to 1980).[69]
"Partenopei" is a popular nickname for the club and people from the city of Naples in general.[70] It is derived from Greek mythology where the sirenParthenope tried to enchant Odysseus from his ship to Capri. In the story, Odysseus had his men tie him to the ship's mast so he was able to resist the song of the siren. Consequently, Parthenope, unable to live with the rejection of her love, drowned herself and her body was washed up upon the shore of Naples.[71]
Napoli is the fourth most supported football club in Italy with around 13% of Italian football fans supporting the club.[72] Like other top clubs in the country, Napoli's fanbase goes beyond the Italian border; in 2018, the society announced that the team had over 35 million supporters worldwide and 120 million people who liked to watch Napoli matches.[citation needed]
The main ultra groups of Napoli are Fedayn EAM 1979, Ultras Napoli, Fossato Flegreo, Secco Vive, Mastiffs, Brigata Carolina, Teste Matte, Sud1996, Nuova Guardia, Vecchi Lions and Masseria.[73]
In the morning we went to the San Paolo to warm up, Carlos (Tevez) was telling me about this stadium, but I've played for Barça so I said to myself, it can't be that big of a deal! Yet when I set foot on that pitch I felt something magical, different. In the evening, when there was the anthem of the Champions League, hearing 80,000 people whistling us I realized what a mess we were in! I did play some important matches in my career, but when I heard that cry for the first time my legs were shaking! Well, it was there that I realized that for those people this is not just a team, it is a visceral love, like the one between a mother and a son! It was the only time I remained on the pitch after losing a match, just to enjoy the show.[75]
Rivalries
Unlike other Italian cities such as Genoa, Milan, Rome and Turin, Napoli is the only major football club in the city, and therefore there is no derby in the strict sense of the term. The now-infrequent derby with Savoia, the next largest club in Naples, was played for the first time 24 December 1939, during the knockout phase of the 1939–40 Coppa Italia, the score was 1–3 in favor of Napoli.[76] The last meeting between the clubs was in Serie B in 2000, won 0–1 by Napoli.
The Derby del Sud Italia (Derby of Southern Italy) against Catanzaro was considered one of the most important rivalries in Italy during the 1970s.[80]
The fans of Napoli do[clarification needed] co-star in two particular derbies in Italy against other regional teams: Derby della Campania generally refers to a rivalry with regional clubs, mainly Avellino and Salernitana.[81]
Napoli formerly had a famous and long-standing friendship with the fans of Genoa, but the friendship ended in 2019.[86][87] Napoli also once had a friendship with Roma.[88]
Finances
S.S.C. Napoli was expelled from the professional league in 2004. Thanks to Article 52 of N.O.I.F., the sports title was transferred to Napoli Soccer (later the "new" Napoli) in the same year, while the corporate entity which administered the "old" Napoli was liquidated. In the second last season before bankruptcy, the club was partially saved by the non-standard accounting practice of amortization after Silvio Berlusconi, owner of Milan and Prime Minister of Italy, introduced Italian Law 91/1981, Article 18B.[89]
Since re-foundation in 2004, the club's large numbers of supporters provided the main source of income, particularly through gate revenues and TV rights. Napoli made an aggregate profit in 2006–07 Serie B.[90] They have continued to be profitable since returning to Serie A.[91] Napoli equity in 2005 was a negative €261,466, having started from €3 million capital. By 2010 the equity was at €25,107,223 and Napoli achieved self-sustainability.
Marek Hamšík is Napoli's record appearance holder.
Marek Hamšík holds Napoli's official appearance record, having made 520. He also holds the record for league appearances with 408 over the course of 12 years from 2007 to 2019.
The all-time leading goalscorer for Napoli is Dries Mertens, with 148 goals.[108] He also holds the record for league goals with 113.
The record for most goals in a single league season belongs to Gonzalo Higuaín, with 36 in the 2015–16 Serie A.[110]
The biggest ever victory recorded by Napoli was 8–1 against Pro Patria, in the 1955–56 season of Serie A.[21] Napoli's heaviest championship defeat came during the 1927–28 season when eventual champions Torino beat them 11–0.[21]
On 31 July 2020, Napoli confirmed the signing of Victor Osimhen from Lille for a transfer fee of €70 million, making him Napoli's most expensive signing.[113]
^"Napoli back among the big boys". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 3 April 2009. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
^"Italy – Coppa Italia History". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 26 June 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
^"Anglo-Italian League Cup". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 24 June 2007. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
^"European Competitions 1988–89". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 26 June 2007. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
^"Rosa 2022/23" [First team – SSC Napoli] (in Italian). SSC Napoli. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
^"Sosa, sono lacrime di festa" [Sosa, they are tears of celebration] (in Italian). Repubblica.it. 11 May 2008. Archived from the original on 16 January 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
^"Napoli Calcio" (in Italian). Agenda Online. 24 June 2007. Archived from the original on 28 March 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
^Schlewitz, Kirsten (31 October 2014). "The shadow over Napoli-Roma". SBNation.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
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