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Rustum Ghazaleh
Rustum Ghazaleh
رستم غزالة
Head of Political Security Directorate
	In office; 25 July 2012 – 24 April 2015
President	Bashar al-Assad
Prime Minister	Riyad Farid Hijab; Wael Nader al-Halqi
Succeeded by	Nasser Ali
Head of the Military Intelligence Directorate Branch 227 (Rif Dimashq)
	In office; 2005 – 25 July 2012
President	Bashar al-Assad
Preceded by	Mohammed Dib Zaitoun
Head of Military Intelligence in Lebanon
	In office; December 2002 – 30 April 2005
President	Bashar al-Assad
Preceded by	Ghazi Kanaan
Succeeded by	Position disestablished
Personal details
Born	3 May 1953; Qarfa, Daraa Governorate, Syria
Died	24 April 2015 (aged 61); Damascus, Syria
Political party	Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
Military service
Allegiance	Ba'athist Syria
Branch/service	Syrian Arab Army
Years of service	1973–2015
Rank	Lieutenant general
Unit	112th Mechanized Brigade; Military Intelligence; Political Security Directorate
Commands	Syrian Forces in Lebanon
Battles/wars	1982 Lebanon War; Syrian civil war

Rustum Ghazaleh (Arabic: رستم غزالة) also transl. from Arabic as Rostom Ghazale, Rustom Ghazalah, Rustom Ghazali; (3 May 1953 – 24 April 2015) was a Syrian military and intelligence officer.

Early life

Ghazaleh was born into a Sunni Muslim family in Qarfa village in Daraa Governorate on 3 May 1953.^[2]^[3]

Career

The son of a member of the Ba'ath Party since 1950, Ghazaleh joined the Syrian Arab Army as a first lieutenant and platoon commander of a mechanized infantry (BMP-1) unit in 1973, just in time for the Yom Kippur War but did not see frontline combat. He later trained in artillery and military intelligence in the Soviet Union in 1976. As a Major and Lieutenant Colonel, he was an artillery spotter, a company commander, and a commander of a mechanized battalion during the Lebanese Civil War between 1978 and 1990. Between 1980 and 1981 during the Battle of Zahleh, as a Major he was the Adjutant and Aide to the Commander of the 47th Mechanized Brigade. Transferring to Military Intelligence, between 1984 and 1986, he headed the Occupation Administration of Akkar District, and between 1986 and 1988 he was Commander of Syrian Occupation Administration in Baalbek District while simultaneously commanding a Mechanized Battalion. In 1990 he was promoted to Colonel and Commander of Syrian Occupation Administration in the entire Bekaa Valley. He was appointed by Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in December 2002 to succeed the late Ghazi Kanaan as head of Syrian military intelligence in Lebanon.^[4]^[5] He frequently traveled to the Bekaa valley where he had a residence and his headquarters in Anjar, and has been accused of involvement in the Bekaa drug trade and other smuggling ventures.^[6]

In early 2005, the killing of Rafik Hariri led to intense pressure on Syria. Ghazale's and Kanaan's foreign assets were frozen by the United States for their role in the alleged occupation of Lebanon and other suspected irregularities.^[7] Syria eventually withdrew its 15,000 man strong army. Ghazaleh relocated to Syria. However, some Lebanese and foreign observers alleged that Syria keeps interfering with Lebanese politics through parts of its intelligence apparatus left behind in the country; Syria denies the charges. Kanaan later allegedly committed suicide.

In September 2005, Ghazaleh was questioned on the Hariri assassination by United Nations investigator Detlev Mehlis. In December 2005, former Syrian vice president Abdul Halim Khaddam accused Ghazaleh of political corruption, dictatorial rule in Lebanon and of threatening Hariri prior to his death.^[8] After the withdrawal from Lebanon little was heard of him. However, at the beginning of the protests in Daraa, Ghazaleh was sent by Bashar al-Assad to assure locals of the president's good intentions. He reportedly told them: "We have released the children" – a reference to several teenagers who were arrested for writing anti-government graffiti inspired by the events in Egypt and Tunisia. In May 2011, the European Union said Ghazaleh was head of military intelligence in Damascus countryside (Rif Dimashq) governorate, which borders Daraa governorate, and was involved in the repression of dissent in the region. He is considered part of Assad's inner circle.^[9]

On 24 July 2012, Ghazaleh was appointed chief of political security.^[10]^[11] He allegedly opposed to the prominent role played by Hezbollah and other foreign fighters (in particular Iranians) in the Syrian civil war, a stance which led to him being attacked by the bodyguards of the pro-Iranian Lt. Gen Rafiq Shahadah in early 2015.^[12]

Death

Ghazaleh was severely beaten by the bodyguards of Lt. Gen. Rafiq Shahadah over a disagreement the two had regarding Iranian involvement in the 2015 Southern Syria offensive, with news emerging two months later that Ghazaleh had died on 24 April 2015 after complications from a severe head wound which resulted in him having been clinically dead for several weeks prior.^[13]^[14]

A figure close to Syrian government officials claimed the argument had been over fuel smuggling, while a Lebanese journalist suspected that Ghazaleh was "gotten rid of" due to the role he could have played in the Special Tribunal for Lebanon.^[15] Saad Hariri stated that Ghazaleh had contacted him the day before he was beaten, wanting to appear on television to announce details regarding the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, while an analyst claimed Ghazaleh had seen the end was near for the Syrian government and wanted to defect.^[16] Syrian government media failed to report Ghazaleh's death.^[17]

References

^ Nassif, Daniel (January 2000). "Major General Ghazi Kanaan". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. 2 (1). Retrieved 7 July 2012.
^ "List of natural and legal persons". Official Journal of the EU. 19 January 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
^ Harris, William (Summer 2005). "Bashar al-Assad's Lebanon Gamble". Middle East Quarterly. XII (3): 33–44. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
^ William Harris (19 July 2012). Lebanon: A History, 600-2011. Oxford University Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-19-518111-1. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
^ Knudsen, Are (2005). "Precarious peacebuilding: Post-war Lebanon, 1990-2005" (PDF). CMI Working Paper. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
^ Pan, Esther. "Syria's Leaders". Council on Foreign Relations Backgrounders. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
^ Jehl, Douglas (30 June 2005). "U.S. Freezes Assets of Syrian Officials Active in Lebanon". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
^ "Full text of Khaddam's interview with Arabiya". Ya Libnan LLC. 8 January 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
^ "Bashar al-Assad's inner circle". BBC. 18 May 2011.
^ "The former head of Syrian military intelligence in Lebanon, General Rustom Ghazaleh, named chief of political security". Al Jazeera. Rayaq. 24 July 2012. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
^ "Rustom Ghazaleh Named Chief of Political Security". Naharnet. 24 July 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
^ "Rustom Ghazaleh leaves hospital after 'beating'". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. 7 March 2015.
^ "Restrictive measures against Syria". EURLex. Archived from the original on 7 January 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
^ "Ex-Syria spy chief in Lebanon Rustom Ghazaleh has died". The Daily Star. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015. He did not say when Ghazaleh passed away, but that medical sources told him the ex-spy chief had been clinically dead for weeks, following a severe head injury suffered about two months ago.
^ Barnard, Anne (25 April 2015). "Syria Remains Silent on Intelligence Official's Death". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
^ Solomon, Erika (3 May 2015). "Intelligence tsar takes Assad secrets to grave". The Financial Times. Retrieved 3 May 2015. That has led some to speculate that Ghazaleh planned to defect. Boumonsef points to the recent rebel advances in northern and southern Syria. "People love rumours and don't notice the big picture: the regime is unravelling from within." [...] Saad Hariri said Ghazaleh was beaten the day after making contact with Lebanese authorities. "Rustom Ghazaleh called us before his death and wanted to appear on television and announce something we don't know," he said
^ Karouny, Mariam; Suleiman al-Khalidi; editing by Ralph Boulton, Suleiman (25 April 2015). Ralph Boulton (ed.). "Syria's former spy chief dies in unclear circumstances – source". Reuters. Retrieved 26 April 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)