Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP), is a public sector, integrated steel plant in Rourkela, Odisha state, India. It was established on 3 February 1959 with the help of West German industrial corporations on approximately 19,000 acres of land acquired from tribal inhabitants.[4][5][6][7] The plant is operated by the Steel Authority of India (SAIL), a Central PSU.[8]
After the 2010-12 expansion, RSP currently has a production capacity of 4.5 MTPA (Million Tonne per Annum) of Hot Metal, 4.2 MTPA of Crude Steel and 3.9 MTPA of Saleable Steel,[9] employs 19,134 employees as of February 2011[3] and produces a mix of products.[1] The RSP reported an annual revenue of ₹26,830.57 crores (US$ 3.54 billion) and profit before taxes (PBT) of ₹6347.65 crores (US$ 837.53 million) for the financial year 2021–22.[2]
The Rourkela Steel Plant Project was first announced by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1953.[10] The steel plant at Rourkela was proposed in India's Second Five-Year Plan, drafted in 1954–55.[11] RSP was projected as one of Nehru's temples to India's industrial modernity; aimed at rapid industrialization,[12] removal of economic stagnation, generating employment and socioeconomic progress.[13] The site of the plant at Rourkela was chosen for various reasons. One of the arguments is that in the 1950s, the government of Orissa was determined to attract investments for the establishment of industrial projects in the northern district of Sundargarh, which was considered to be one of the most backward regions with a mostly tribal population that desperately needed development. The decision was made for Rourkela due to technical and logistical reasons — raw materials such as iron ore, coal and limestone were locally available; water could be supplied from the Brahmani river; the Calcutta-Bombay railway line passed through Rourkela; and electricity could be supplied from the Hirakud dam.[14]
In the 1950s to 1960s, western governments like West Germany were keen on offering development aid to India, fearing that India might join the Soviet Union at some point and that this might encourage other third world countries to do the same, given Nehru's socialist rhetoric and his contacts with the Soviet Union. India also had strategic importance being a neighbor to communist China. In the early 1950s, West German businessmen and bureaucrats at the Ministry of Economics began emphasizing the potential in India's markets. Between 1950 and 1960 alone, India received more than 14% of all West German development aid.[12]
Recognizing that foreign investment and technology was important for industrialization, the Indian government approached and negotiated with different companies such as the Krupp Company and Demag for the construction of a steel plant in the 1950s.[10] In 1953, a deal was signed between the government of India and a Consortium of West German companies (Krupp, Demag, Gutehoffnungshütte (GHH), Mannesmann, Allgemeine Electricitals Gesellschaft (AEG) and Siemens) for the establishment of a Steel Plant in the Indian state of Orissa.[14][12]
The Hindustan Steel Limited (HSL) was established as a public sector undertaking on 19 January 1954 to manage a steel plant to be set up in Rourkela.[14][4] In March, 1954, Krupp and Demag formed a separate company called the Indien Gemeinschaft Krupp Demag (IGKD), headquartered at Duisburg. The IGKD's purpose was to provide consultancy for the design and procurement of all plant equipment, to design the layout, to supervise erection and to commission India's first fully integrated steel plant. On 9 June 1954, the Board of Directors of HSL met in Delhi to give the go-ahead signal to IGKD for the construction of a steel plant in Rourkela.[14] In 1956, an agreement was signed between the Indian government and Krupp's representatives, agreeing that Krupp would sell and ship all material required for the establishment of the Rourkela Steel Plant, with a production capacity of 1 MTPA of raw steel, and that Krupp would advise the HSL on the construction of the RSP. In exchange for the work and counsel, the Indian government would pay US$4.6 million to the companies.[12]
Even before the initial agreement for a steel plant in Rourkela had been signed, there was significant opposition to it from locals. In 1953, a Steel Plant Site People's Federation (SPSPF) had been formed to advocate for the villagers who opposed the plant.[11] The first notifications of land acquisition for the steel plant and a new township were issued in 1954.[10] The terms of land acquisition included monetary compensation for the land lost; the promise of a job in the regular RSP workforce for one able-bodied member from each household; provision of housing plots with subsidies in 3 resettlement colonies (Jalda, Jhirpani and later Bondamunda) in the periphery of the new township; and in addition to it, unbroken land for cultivation with an allowance for breaking it.[11] To prepare Rourkela for an industrial complex, more than 30 villages were displaced and about 13,000-16,000 of their mostly Adivasi inhabitants forcibly resettled to acquire about 19,722 acres of land in 1955.[14] Later, parts of Bondamunda village were acquired for a marshalling yard of the steel plant.[14] However, the compensations are said to have been inadequate, some displaced persons received nothing at all; the jobs promised were given years later, some were never given, and many had to survive on meager incomes from irregular casual labour.[11][15]
The construction of RSP began in 1956. The Germans realized that the task of building a steel plant in an underdeveloped area turned out to be more difficult than anticipated, due to insufficient logistics and slow transportation. In 1958, an agreement was made between the Consortium, the West German government and HSL to share the cost of sending West German experts to Rourkela and training Indian engineers in West Germany.[12] Between 1957 and 1958, VÖEST, an Austrian company joined hands with Krupp for the construction of RSP, which became the first Linz-Donawitz (LD) steel plant to be located outside Austria.[16][17]
To provide sufficient water supply for running the steel plant, the Mandira Dam Water Reservoir was constructed near Kansbahal, on the banks of river Shankha between 1957 and 1959.[18][5] The first notifications for vacation of land for the dam site were issued in 1957.[10] Jawaharlal Nehru had stayed at Rourkela to persuade villagers to give their lands and assured them that the displaced would be compensated. Jaipal Singh Munda came to Laikera village and conducted a meeting with the Adivasis, explaining them that the Dam will help develop RSP and the country; and that it will lead to an improvement in their quality of life. Jaipal also gave assurances that the displaced will be compensated with land and houses.[5] The Mandira dam was set up on about 11,923 acres of land acquired from 31 tribal villages, which were then submerged under water, and about 8,785 of their inhabitants were resettled.[14] Testimonies of displaced persons indicate inhumane treatment during resettlement, inadequate compensation or in some cases, no compensation at all. Engineers from the Hirakud Dam Organization were brought to construct the Mandira dam. Construction began in February 1957 and was completed by June 1959.[5]
Rourkela Steel Plant has an associated fertilizer plant that produces nitrogeneous fertilizers using ammonia feedstock (from its coke oven plant). On 3 February 1959, then president Rajendra Prasad inaugurated RSP's first blast furnace named 'Parvati' when the company was known as Hindustan Steel Limited (HSL). Subsequently, the RSP became a unit of the (SAIL).
The agreement was signed in Bonn, Germany by the Secretary of the Ministry of Production, on behalf of the Government of India, and two German firms of international repute, namely Krupp and Demag. The agreement provides for the technical and financial participation of these two firms in the construction of a new steel plant with an initial capacity of half a million tons of ingots, capable of expansion to one million tons.
The capital cost of the project is estimated to be about Rs. 71-25 crores at that time money. The share capital to be contributed by the German collaborators is expected to be of the order of Rs. 9.5 crores, the exact amount depending on the value of the plant that they may supply, and the balance of share capital will be found by the Government of India. It is proposed, however, to apply to the International Bank for Development and Reconstruction for a loan of about Rs. 20 crores towards the capital cost.[citation needed]
Recently, 12,000-crore rupees modernisation and expansion project was dedicated to the Nation by Prime minister Narendra Modi on 1 April 2015.[19] With this RSP presently has the capacity to produce 4.5 million tonnes of hot metal, 4.2 million tonnes of crude steel and 3.9 million tonnes of saleable steel.[8] The capacity of Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP) is expected to rise to 10.8 MTPA by 2025.[20]
The RSP has many firsts to its credit. It is the first plant in Asia to adopt the energy-efficient LD process of steel making and the first integrated steel plant of SAIL which adopted the cost-effective and quality centered continuous casting route to process 100% of steel produced. The plant has also, for the first time in India, had adopted external desulphurisation of hot metal by calcium carbide injection process. Subsequently, its steelmaking capacity was enhanced to 2 million tonnes and added many units to the facility. A pipe plant and special plate plant were set up during the 1970s for production of ERW pipes and steel plates for defense requirements. NSPCL,[21] a joint venture company of NTPC Limited and SAIL, set up a captive power plant of 120 MW capacity to be self-sufficient. Rourkela Steel Plant undertook a modernization program in 1988 with an outlay of INR 4500 crores. This revamped the process of supply of raw materials, new oxygen plant, improved techniques in blast furnaces, selling of dolomite plant, cast house, slag granulation plant, supply of raw materials sintering plants and coal handling plants among others. Following the modernization RSP became the first SAIL plant to have adopted continuous casting route for all its hot metal production. It is also the first Indian steel plant to have adopted external desulfurisation of hot metal by the calcium carbide injection process.[22][23]
Steel Authority of India plans to invest for its capacity expansion in its major plants. So Rourkela Steel Plant on modernization and expansion project on process.
It is also installing other facilities for production of green energy. Two 5 KW rooftop solar PV power generation systems have already been installed and seven more such systems are in the pipeline. RSP is also in the process of setting up a 15 MW hydro power project on the downstream of Mandira Dam in collaboration with GEDCOL.
Its HR coils find application in manufacturing LPG cylinders, automobiles, railway wagon chassis and other high-strength type steels. It is SAIL's only plant that produces silicon steels for the power sector, high quality pipes for the oil and gas sector and tin plates for the packaging industry. Its wide and sophisticated product range includes flat, tubular and coated products. Special Plate Plant, Rourkela, is emerging as a major special steels centre for defence equipment. It produces armoured plate for the T-90 and Arjun (tank), and the BMP-2 infantry combat vehicle, which are built at Avadi and Medak respectively by the Ordnance Factory Board. Its annual capacity of 2,000 tonnes is being upped to 12,000 tonnes. The AB/A grade steel used in making India's first fully homemade Aircraft carrier INS Vikrant (2013) were produced in Rourkela Steel Plant.[27]
... VÖEST supplied India with 350 locomotive frames made from LD steel plate. ... In 1957/58 VÖEST itself joined forces with the company Fried. Krupp 86 of Essen to build the first LD steelworks outside Austria. This was in Rourkela...
In 1958, VÖEST begins to build LD steelworks in Rourkela, India—the first to be located outside of Austria—in cooperation with Fried. Krupp, Essen, Germany.
Mandira dam is located near Kansbahal in Sundergarh district, Odisha, India. It is built across Sankh river, located 16 km upstream from Mandira. The water from the dam is used for Rourkela Steel Plant. Construction of the dam began after 1957. The dam displaced 2400 families and only 843 were resettled
Ordinariat Personal Maria Bunda Salib SelatanOrdinariatus Personalis Dominæ Nostræ Crucis Australis南十字星の聖母の属人教区Katolik LokasiNegara Australia JepangStatistikParoki14Imam14 (2014)Umat2,000 (2014)[1]InformasiDenominasiKatolikRitusRitus Roma (Penggunaan Anglikan)Pendirian15 Juni 2012KatedralGereja St Ninian dan St Chad, Perth (gereja utama)[2]PelindungAgustinus dari Canterbury[2][3]Kepemimpinan kiniPausFransiskusOrdinarisCarl …
2017 film For the 2023 Mexican film, see Have a Nice Day! (film). Have a Nice DayFilm posterDirected byLiu JianWritten byLiu JianProduced byLiu JianYang ChengStarringYang SimingCao KouMa XiaofengZhu ChanglongCao KaiZheng YiEdited byMilitia Xiao LiuMusic byThe Shanghai Restoration ProjectProductioncompaniesNezha Bros. Pictures Le-joy Animation StudioRelease date 17 February 2017 (2017-02-17) (Berlin) Running time75 minutesCountryChinaLanguageMandarin[1] (Nanjing dialect…
Yudistiraयुधिष्ठिरPatung Yudistira di Birla mandir.Tokoh MahabharataNamaYudistiraEjaan Dewanagariयुधिष्ठिरEjaan IASTYudhiṣṭhiraNama lainBharata, Ajatasatru, Dharmaraja, Kurunandana, Puntadewa (Jawa) dan lain-lainKitab referensiMahabharata, BhagawatapuranaAsalHastinapura, Kerajaan KuruKediamanHastinapura, IndraprasthaKastakesatriaDinastiCandraKlanKuruSenjatatombak,Jamus KalimasadaAyahPanduIbuKuntiIstriDropadiDewikaAnakPratiwindya (dari Dropadi)Yodeya (dari …
ポータル クラシック音楽 交響曲第18番 ト長調 Hob. I:18 は、フランツ・ヨーゼフ・ハイドンが作曲した交響曲。 初期の交響曲のひとつで、正確な作曲年は不明だが、フュルンベルク・コレクションに信頼できる筆写譜が所蔵されており、エステルハージ家に仕える以前の、ボヘミアのモルツィン伯爵に仕えていた時期（1757年から1760年頃）の作品と考えられている[1&#…
Argentinien Spitzname(n) Los Gladiadores[1] Verband Confederación Argentina de Handball Konföderation Süd- und zentralamerikanische Handballkonföderation (SCAHC) Trainer Guillermo Milano Co-Trainer Gonzalo Carou Meiste Tore Federico Pizarro (763)[2] Meiste Spiele Gonzalo Carou (270)[2] Bilanz 417[3] Spiele 221 Siege 16 Unentschieden180 Niederlagen Statistik Erstes LänderspielBrasilien 1968 Brasilien 10:9 Argentinien Argentinien16. August 1971; Brasi…
Криві концентрація-реакція, що ілюструють концепцію потенції. Для відповіді 0,25 a.u., препарат B є більш потужним, оскільки він генерує цю відповідь при нижчій концентрації. Для відповіді 0,75 a.u., препарат А є більш потужним. a.u. — відноситься до «довільних одиниць». У фармако
Це іберійські ім'я та прізвище. Перше (батькове) прізвище цієї особи Льєрас, а друге (материне) прізвище Рестрепо. Карлос Льєрас Рестрепоісп. Carlos Lleras Restrepo Прапор 22-й Президент Колумбії 7 серпня 1966 — 7 серпня 1970 року Попередник: Гільєрмо Леон Валенсія Наступник: Місаель П
The OfficeGenre Mokumenter Komedi di tempat kerja BerdasarkanThe Officeoleh Ricky GervaisStephen MerchantPengembangGreg DanielsPemeran Steve Carell Rainn Wilson John Krasinski Jenna Fischer B. J. Novak Melora Hardin David Denman Leslie David Baker Brian Baumgartner Kate Flannery Angela Kinsey Oscar Nunez Phyllis Smith Ed Helms Mindy Kaling Paul Lieberstein Creed Bratton Craig Robinson Ellie Kemper Zach Woods Amy Ryan James Spader Catherine Tate Clark Duke Jake Lacy Penggubah lagu temaJay Ferguso…
Berbagai makanan yang digambarkan dalam tempat pemakaman Mesir, termasuk ikan, c. 1400 SM Memanen dan mengkonsumsi makanan laut adalah praktik kuno yang setidaknya berasal dari permulaan zaman Paleolitikum yakni sekitar 40,000 tahun lalu.[1] Analisis isotop pada tengkorak manusia Tianyuan, manusia modern yang berasal dari 40,000 tahun lalu yang ditemukan di Asia timur, memperlihatkan bahwa ia sering mengkonsumsi ikan air segar.[2][3] Lihat pula Sejarah memancing Marcus Ga…
1807 Siege during the War of the Fourth Coalition For other uses, see Battle of Kolberg. Battle of Kolberg (1807)Part of the War of the Fourth CoalitionFormer battle memorial with statues of Nettelbeck and Gneisenau in KolbergDate20 March – 2 July 1807[5]LocationKolberg (Kołobrzeg), Prussian Province of Pomerania54°10′39″N 15°34′36″E / 54.17750°N 15.57667°E / 54.17750; 15.57667Result Siege lifted by peace treaty[5]Belligerents French Empire …
Setiap gambar merupakan fungsi gelombang yang memenuhi persamaan Schrödinger tak-gayut waktu untuk osilator harmonis.Kiri: bagian riil (biru) dan bagian imajiner (kanan) dari fungsi gelombang.Kanan: distribusi probabilitas dalam menemukan partikel dengan fungsi gelombang ini pada posisi tertentu.Kedua baris teratas adalah contoh keadaan stasioner. Baris bawah adalah contoh keadaan non stasioner. Kolom sebelah kanan menunjukkan mengapa keadaan stasioner disebut stasioner. Fungsi gelombang dalam …
Location of Madagascar There are about 2,680 known moth species of Madagascar. The moths (mostly nocturnal) and butterflies (mostly diurnal) together make up the taxonomic order Lepidoptera. This is a list of moth species which have been recorded in Madagascar. They are listed alphabetically by family. Adelidae Adela gymnota (Meyrick, 1912) Adela janineae (Viette, 1954) Adela tsaratanana (Viette, 1954) Alucitidae Alucita decaryella (Viette, 1956) Alucita euscripta Minet, 1976 Arctiidae Amerila m…
Selancar tegak Selancar tegak adalah olahraga air dimana pengendara berjalan di belakang perahu, menaiki bena perahu tanpa ditarik langsung oleh perahu. [1] Setelah menerjang bena, biasanya dengan menggunakan tali derek, para peselancar akan menjatuhkan tali, dan menaiki permukaan curam di bawah puncak gelombang dengan gaya yang mengingatkan pada selancar. Peselancar tegak umumnya menggunakan papan khusus, yang dirancang khusus untuk bena. Dampak buruk Dengan maraknya selancar tegak dala…
International cricket tour Ireland women Scotland womenDates 24 – 27 May 2021Captains Laura Delany Kathryn BryceTwenty20 International seriesResults Ireland women won the 4-match series 3–1Most runs Gaby Lewis (116) Kathryn Bryce (96)Most wickets Leah Paul (9) Katie McGill (7)Player of the series Leah Paul (Ire) The Ireland women's cricket team played the Scotland women's cricket team in May 2021.[1][2] The tour consisted of four Women's Twenty20 Internatio…
The One RingDesignersFrancesco Nepitello, Marco MaggiPublishersFree League Publishing, Cubicle 7 (former)Publication2011GenresFantasy[1] The One Ring Roleplaying Game is a tabletop role-playing game set in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth, set at the time between The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. Designed by Francesco Nepitello and Marco Maggi, the game was initially published by Cubicle 7 in 2011 under the title The One Ring: Adventures over the Edge of the Wild. Cubicle 7 continued …
Japanese funicular line This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Rokko Cable Line – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Rokkō Cable LineRokkō Cable funicular in 2006OverviewNative name六甲ケーブル線LocaleMount Rokkō, Kobe, Hyōgo, JapanS…
سانغر (جزيرة) معلومات جغرافية المنطقة جزر سينغيه الإحداثيات 3°33′17″N 125°32′56″E / 3.554753°N 125.548894°E / 3.554753; 125.548894[1] [2] [3] الأرخبيل جزر سينغيه المسطح المائي بحر سيليبس المساحة 552 كيلومتر مربع أعلى ارتفاع (م) 432 متر الحكومة البلد إندونيس…
La instalación eléctrica en América del Norte sigue los reglamentos y normas para la instalación de cableado en edificaciones. El cableado eléctrico en los Estados Unidos está, en general, de acuerdo con los estándares del Código Eléctrico Nacional (NEC, por su sigla en idioma inglés), una norma patrocinada por la National Fire Protection Association que ha sido objeto de revisiones periódicas desde 1897. Las modificaciones o complementos locales de este código modelo son comunes en …
Baseball team in the United States Santa Clara Broncos baseball 2023 Santa Clara Broncos baseball teamFounded1883UniversitySanta Clara UniversityHead coachRusty Filter (6th season)ConferenceWest Coast ConferenceLocationSanta Clara, CaliforniaHome stadiumStephen Schott Stadium (Capacity: 1,500)NicknameBroncosColorsMaroon and white[1] College World Series runner-up1962College World Series appearances1962NCAA Tournament appearances1959, 1962, 1968, 1969, 1970, 197…
Euler in der Wirkstube Euler ist der historische Sammelname aller Handwerker, die Tongefäße herstellten. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Bedeutung 2 Namensherkunft 2.1 Sprachwissenschaftliche Definition 3 Eulerware 4 Eulersprache 5 Weblinks 6 Einzelnachweise Bedeutung Euler waren die Handwerker, die Krüge und Kannen aus Ton herstellten. Eulerei war die Bezeichnung für die Werkstätten, in denen die Herstellung stattfand, heute würde man diese als Töpfereien bezeichnen. Die Tätigkeit des Drehens (Wir…
Lokasi Pengunjung: 18.116.27.251