Rorippa

Rorippa
Rorippa amphibia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Rorippa
Scop.
Species

75–85; see text

Rorippa is a globally distributed genus in the family Brassicaceae, with species occurring on all continents except for Antarctica.[1][2][3] Rorippa species are natively distributed in the Northern Hemisphere through Eurasia and North America, and dispersed into the Southern Hemisphere through long-distance dispersal.[3] Rorippa species are annual to perennial herbs, usually with yellow flowers and a peppery flavour. They are known commonly as yellowcresses.

Description

As a close relative of Arabidopsis, Rorippa has emerged as a group of valuable model organisms for investigating various biological processes. Researchers have utilized Rorippa to study developmental phenomena such as heterophylly,[4][5] weediness,[6][7][8] and vegetative regeneration.[9][10][11] For example, heterophylly is the ability of plants to produce different leaf forms in response to contrasting environments, such as aerial or submerged conditions. This may incur anatomical or physiological changes and facilitate adaptation to the amphibious lifestyle in Rorippa,[12]

Additionally, Rorippa has been employed to explore stress tolerance mechanisms, including responses to submergence,[13][14][15][16][17][12][18] heavy metals,[19][20] high-altitudes,[21][22] and herbivory (specifically the mustard aphid).[23][24][25] For example, Rorippa amphibia can escape submergence through elongation,[14] while Rorippa sylvestris or Rorippa palustris can photosynthesize underwater and exhibits a hyponastic response (positive growth response to gravity), demonstrating a quiescence strategy (a period of reduced activity during unfavorable conditions).[14][15]

Furthermore, Rorippa has served as a model system for studying biological invasion, with research focusing on evolutionary,[26][27] ecological,[28][29] and historical aspects.[1][30][31][32][33]

Ecology

Most Rorippa species thrive in moist or wet environments like ditches, meadows, waterfronts, and wetlands,[28] highlighting their exceptional tolerance to flooding.[13] This facilitates the dispersal of their seeds or vegetative propagules by floods over short to long ranges. For example, their fruits with seeds can remain viable for up to 60 days while floating in water.[28] The aquatic or marshy habitats of Rorippa often overlap with those of migratory shorebirds,[2] which could potentially carry seeds or fragments over long distances, establishing new populations far from the source. Furthermore, several adaptations, like the mucilage coating or hollows on their seeds, and their ability to self-fertilize and reproduce clonally,[1] might also contribute to their long-distance dispersal.[3]

Rorippa species are known for colonizing disturbed or wet areas first. They serve as valuable indicators of hydrophytic (water-loving) vegetation types. According to the National Wetland Plant List (NWPL) for the United States, several Rorippa species are classified as wetland indicators, with a high probability of occurring in Obligate (OBL) or Facultative Wetland (FACW) categories. For instance, nearly 55% of the 22 North American Rorippa species are categorized as OBL wetland indicators,[28] highlighting their strong association with wet environments. This characteristic makes Rorippa plants a valuable tool for wetland establishment, restoration, and enhancement efforts.

Example

Rorippa aquatica, a North American lakecress, is a valuable model organism for studying plant development and adaptation. It exhibits striking heterophylly,[4][5][18] altering its leaf shape in response to environmental conditions like submergence, temperature, and light. In low-light submerged environments, for example, it develops finely dissected leaves. While in terrestrial conditions, it forms simple leaves with serrated edges. This leaf shape variation is controlled by the levels of plant hormones including gibberellin (GA) and ethylene, as well as the expression of specific genes, such as KNOX1[5] or RaSPCH/RaMUTE,[18] providing an efficient way for leaves to absorb sunlight underwater. The species is also used to study vegetative propagation as it can regenerate from leaf fragments.[10] Its close phylogenetic relationship to Arabidopsis thaliana and its recently sequenced allotetraploid genome make it a powerful tool for genetic and genomic research.[34]

Rorippa elata is a type of plant that has adapted to live in high-altitude mountain environments. It can adjust its traits, like flowering time and chemical defenses, to survive in different conditions.[22] The plant's ability to adapt is also linked to its polyploid nature, which seems to have played a role in its successful colonization of high-altitudes during periods of historical climate change.[21]

Rorippa palustris, a short-lived and self-pollinating herb, is a ruderal weed that has expanded into disturbed wetland areas across the world. A key characteristic of R. palustris, and other ruderal plants, is its short life cycle.[8][21] Genetic studies have shown that mutations in the CRY2 gene contribute to this early-flowering trait.[6] These mutations lead to a constitutively active CRY2 protein, which overrides the need for vernalization (a cold period) and allows the plant to flower early, even under short-day conditions.

List of species

There are about 75[35] to 85[36][37][38] species in the genus. About 70% of Rorippa are polyploids, and 90% of them are endemic to specific continents.[3] A few of Rorippa species are widely distributed and invasive, including Rorippa amphibia, Rorippa dubia, Rorippa indica, Rorippa palustris, and Rorippa sylvestris. Plants of Rorippa palustris can be found globally, making it one of the most successful weeds in the world.

Species include:[1][30][31][32][33][35][39][40][41][42]

Rorippa sylvestris

References

  1. ^ a b c d Jonsell, Bengt (1968). Studies in the North-West European species of Rorippa s.str. Uppsala, Sweden: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.
  2. ^ a b Bleeker, W.; Weber-Sparenberg, C.; Hurka, H. (2002). "Chloroplast DNA Variation and Biogeography in the Genus Rorippa Scop. (Brassicaceae)". Plant Biology. 4 (1): 104–111. Bibcode:2002PlBio...4..104B. doi:10.1055/s-2002-20442. ISSN 1438-8677.
  3. ^ a b c d Han, Ting-Shen; Yu, Chih-Chieh; Zheng, Quan-Jing; Kimura, Seisuke; Onstein, Renske E.; Xing, Yao-Wu (2024). "Synergistic polyploidization and long-distance dispersal enable the global diversification of yellowcress herbs". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 33 (3): 458–469. Bibcode:2024GloEB..33..458H. doi:10.1111/geb.13798. ISSN 1466-8238.
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土库曼斯坦总统

土库曼斯坦总统土库曼斯坦国徽土库曼斯坦总统旗現任谢尔达尔·别尔德穆哈梅多夫自2022年3月19日官邸阿什哈巴德总统府（Oguzkhan Presidential Palace）機關所在地阿什哈巴德任命者直接选举任期7年，可连选连任首任萨帕尔穆拉特·尼亚佐夫设立1991年10月27日 土库曼斯坦土库曼斯坦政府与政治 国家政府 土库曼斯坦宪法 国旗 国徽 国歌 立法機關（英语：National Council of Turkmenistan） ...

1990 24 Hours of Daytona

24-hour endurance sports car race 1990 24 Hours of Daytona Previous: 1989 Next: 1991 Index: Races | Winners Track map of Daytona International Speedway The 1990 SunBank 24 at Daytona was a 24-hour endurance sports car race held on February 3–4, 1990[1] at the Daytona International Speedway road course. The race served as the opening round of the 1990 IMSA GT Championship. The overall winning Jaguar XJR-12 Victory overall and in the GTP class went to the No. 61 Castrol Jaguar Racing ...

 

منتخب أفغانستان للباندي

هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (أغسطس 2019) منتخب أفغانستان للباندي تعديل مصدري - تعديل   منتخب أفغانستان للباندي هو ممث�...

 

Authentication protocol

Type of cryptographic protocol An authentication protocol is a type of computer communications protocol or cryptographic protocol specifically designed for transfer of authentication data between two entities. It allows the receiving entity to authenticate the connecting entity (e.g. Client connecting to a Server) as well as authenticate itself to the connecting entity (Server to a client) by declaring the type of information needed for authentication as well as syntax.[1] It is the m...

4-Koma Nano Ace

Japanese yonkoma manga magazine 4-Koma Nano AceCover of the September 2013 issue of 4-Koma Nano Ace, published by Kadokawa Shoten on August 9, 2013CategoriesYonkoma shōnen/seinen mangaFirst issue9 March 2011Final issue9 September 2013CompanyKadokawa ShotenCountryJapanBased inTokyoLanguageJapaneseWebsitewww.kadokawa.co.jp/ace/4koma/ 4-Koma Nano Ace (4コマnanoエース) was a Japanese yonkoma shōnen/seinen manga magazine published by Kadokawa Shoten.[1] The magazine existed between ...

 

2 Good 2 Be True

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang seri drama Filipina. Untuk album Aaron Carter, lihat 2 Good 2 B True. 2 Good 2 Be TrueTitle card resmiGenre Drama Komedi romantis Ditulis oleh Denise O’Hara Jaja Amarillo Jaymar Santos Castro Raymund Barcelon Jhon Marc Arizobal Sutradara Mae Cruz-Alviar Paco Sta. Maria Pemeran Kathryn Bernardo Daniel Padilla Ronaldo Valdez Lagu pembukaKumpas oleh Moira Dela TorreMusik Moira Dela Torre Jason Hernandez Negara asalFilipinaBahasa asliFilipinoJmlh. musim1Jmlh. ...

 

Segundo franquismo

Franco y su esposa Carmen Polo de Franco en 1968. El segundo franquismo (1959-1975), también llamado franquismo desarrollista, fue la segunda gran etapa de la dictadura del general Franco, después del primer franquismo (1939-1959). Fue el período durante el cual se produjo un crecimiento económico espectacular —se habló del «milagro económico español»— que dio lugar a una «gran transformación» social, pero que no estuvo acompañada de cambios políticos. Se suele dividir ...

Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio

Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio (2013) Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio (Lombard, 19 novembre 1958) è un'attrice e cantante statunitense. È stata candidata all'Oscar alla miglior attrice non protagonista per la sua interpretazione nel film Il colore dei soldi e al Tony Award per il revival di Broadway di Man of La Mancha. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Vita privata 3 Filmografia 3.1 Cinema 3.2 Televisione 4 Riconoscimenti 5 Doppiatrici italiane 6 Note 7 Altri progetti 8 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Nata a L...

 

Gimcheon station

Train station in South Korea Not to be confused with Gimcheon (Gumi) station. This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Gimcheon station – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gimcheon StationKorean nameHangul김천역Hanja金泉驛Revised RomanizationGim...