He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania (Wharton School of Finance and Economy) in 1885; studied economics at Berlin, Leipzig and Halle-on-Saale, Germany; studied at the Collège de France; was instructor in accounting and statistics in the University of Pennsylvania in 1888–91, and professor of statistics 1891–1900.[1][3]
He is author of numerous essays on criminology, sociology, etc. to economic, statistical and other journals; and was editor of Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 1890–1900.[3] He did a notable study of prices and wages in the United States for the United States Senate. It was published as "Retail Prices and Wages" (1892) and "Wholesale Prices, Wages, and Transportation" (1893).[1][6] He published a translation of August Meitzen's History, Theory, and Technique of Statistics (1893).[3][7]