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Video of a robotic lawn mower, the smallest model sold by company Gardena built by Husqvarna, in a garden with 40 m²

A robotic lawn mower is an autonomous robot used to cut lawn grass. A typical robotic lawn mower (in particular earlier generation models) requires the user to set up a border wire around the lawn that defines the area to be mowed. The robot uses this wire to locate the boundary of the area to be trimmed and in some cases to locate a recharging dock. Robotic mowers are capable of maintaining up to 30,000 m² (320,000 sq ft) of grass.

Robotic lawn mowers are increasingly sophisticated, are self-docking and some contain rain sensors if necessary, nearly eliminating human interaction. Robotic lawn mowers represented the second largest category of domestic robots used by the end of 2005.

In 2012, the growth of robotic lawn mower sales was 15 times that of the traditional styles.^[1] With the emergence of smart phones some robotic mowers have integrated features within custom apps to adjust settings or scheduled mowing times and frequency, as well as manually control the mower with a digital joystick.^[2]

Modern robotic lawn mowers can contain specialized sensors, allowing them to automatically mow around obstacles or even go to sleep when it starts to rain.^[3]^[4]

In 2012, the vast majority of robotic lawn mowers tackled the task utilizing a "random" mowing system. Basically the machine bounced around on the lawn until it hit the boundary wire limiting the working area, then changed heading until it hit the wire again.^[5] Depending on the lawn size, this meant machines would be in continuous operation. In late 2012, the Bosch robotic lawn mower "Indego" created a map of the user's garden and then tackled the task in a systematic manner,^[6] similar to the more modern robotic vacuum cleaners.

In recent years, robotic lawn mower manufacturers have learned from Bosch and the mowers have undergone significant advancements in their mowing methods, transitioning from random bouncing to systematic and efficient mowing patterns. By following a predefined pattern, such as a spiral or grid, the robotic mower ensures complete coverage of the lawn while minimizing overlap and missed spots. ^[7]

History

In 1969, the MowBot was introduced and patented by S Lawrence Bellinger having many features of today's most popular products. It weighed 125 pounds (57 kg), was selling for $800 (equivalent to $6,647 in 2023)^[8] and had an autonomy of 3 hours and 3,000 square feet (280 m²)^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

In 1992, the first fully solar powered robotic mower was patented by André Collens and sold to Husqvarna which marketed it in 1995.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

In 2012, the Bosch Indego introduced lawn mapping, to mow in a systematic manner instead of a random pattern.^[6]

As of 2019, vision-based Artificial Intelligence robotic mowers, without perimeter wire, were announced by EEVE.^[17] Followed by a vision-based robotic mower of Volta in 2019.^[18]

In 2020, Husqvarna announced a robotic mower (EPOS) that can navigate completely without a boundary wire, allowing location accuracy of 2-3 centimeters, using satellite navigation in coordination with a reference station.^[19]

Technology

The mower can find its charging station via radio frequency emissions, by following a boundary wire, or by following an optional guide wire. This can eliminate wear patterns in the lawn caused by the mower only being able to follow one wire back to the station.

To get to remote areas or areas only accessible through narrow passages the mower can follow a guide wire or a boundary wire out of the station.

Some robotic movers do not need a border wire, but use a GPS, often together with an additional GPS receiver to achieve precise positioning (real-time kinematic positioning).^[20]

Batteries used include nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion and lead-acid.

In 2019 an all-wheel-drive (AWD) drive robotic mower was released by Husqvarna.^[21]