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Double portrait of **Robert Shirley** and his Circassian wife Teresia, c.1624–1627. He wears the exotic Persian clothes which so impressed his European hosts upon his return to Europe from Persia; she wears her native style of dress but also holds a flintlock pistol and a pocket watch, symbols of the technologies Europe was introducing to Persia.

Sir Robert Shirley (or Sherley; c. 1581 – 13 July 1628) was an English traveller and adventurer, younger brother of Sir Anthony Shirley and Sir Thomas Shirley. He is notable for his help modernising and improving the Persian Safavid army according to the British model, by the request of Shah Abbas the Great. This proved to be highly successful, as from then on the Safavids proved to be an equal force to their archrival, the Ottoman Empire.^[1]

Family

Robert Shirley was the third son of Sir Thomas Shirley of Wiston, Sussex, and Anne Kempe, the daughter of Sir Thomas Kempe (d. 7 March 1591) of Olantigh in Wye, Kent. He had two elder brothers, Sir Thomas Shirley and Sir Anthony Shirley, and six sisters who survived infancy.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Career

Shirley travelled to Persia in 1598, accompanying his brother, Anthony, who had been sent to Safavid Persia from 1 December 1599 to May 1600, with 5000 horses to train the Persian army according to the rules and customs of the English militia and to reform and retrain the Persian artillery.^{[clarification needed]} When Anthony Shirley left Persia, Robert remained in Persia with fourteen other Englishmen. There, in February 1607, he married Sampsonia, a Christian Circassian lady of the Circassian nobility of Safavid Persia.^[6] After being baptized by the Carmelites, she adopted the Teresia in addition to her own name.^[7] She became known in the west by the name Lady Teresia Sampsonia Shirley.

In 1608 Shah Abbas sent Robert on a diplomatic mission to James I of England and to other European princes for the purpose of uniting them in a confederacy against the Ottoman Empire. From his very first mission in Persia, the modernisation of the army by Robert and his men proved to be highly successful; the Safavids scored their first crushing victory over the Ottomans in the Ottoman–Safavid War, ending the war on highly favourable terms.

Shirley travelled first to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, where he was received by Sigismund III Vasa. In June of that year, he arrived in Germany, where he received the title of Count Palatine and was appointed to Knight of the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Rudolph II. Pope Paul V also conferred upon him the title of Count. From Germany, Sir Robert travelled to Florence and then Rome, where he entered the city on Sunday, 27 September 1609, attended by a suite of eighteen persons. He next visited Milan, and then proceeded to Genoa, from whence he embarked to Spain, arriving in Barcelona in December 1609. He sent for his Persian wife, and they remained in Spain, principally at Madrid, until the summer of 1611.

In 1613 Shirley returned to Persia. In 1615 he returned to Europe, and resided at Madrid. In a pleasingly serendipitous meeting Shirley's caravan met Thomas Coryate, the eccentric traveller and travel writer (and attendant of Prince Henry's court in London), in the Persian desert in 1615.

Shirley's third journey to Persia was undertaken in 1627 when he accompanied Sir Dodmore Cotton the first British ambassador to the Kingdom of Persia,^[8] but soon after reaching the country he died at Qazvin, in what is today northwest Iran.^[9] After being initially buried there, his remains were later moved from Qazvin to Rome in 1658 by his wife Teresia following her retirement to a convent in the same city attached to Santa Maria della Scala. She died there in 1668.^[10]^[11]^[12]

In art

There are several double portraits of Shirley and his wife in English collections, including the private collection of R. J. Berkeley and of Petworth House (by van Dyck).^[13]

In literature

The exploits of the Shirley brothers were dramatised in the 1607 play The Travels of the Three English Brothers by John Day, William Rowley and George Wilkins.

In 1609, Andreas Loeaechius (Andrew Leech), a Scot living in Kraków, Poland, wrote a Latin panegyric to Shirley entitled Encomia Nominis & Neoocij D. Roberti Sherlaeii. This text was translated in the same year by the English writer Thomas Middleton as Sir Robert Sherley his Entertainment in Cracovia.^[14]

Notes

^ Spencer C. Tucker, ed. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. 6 vols. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 23 dec. 2009 ISBN 1851096728; p. 544
^ Pennington 2004.
^ Raiswell I 2004.
^ Raiswell II 2004.
^ Raiswell III 2004.
^ William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Lawrence Lockhart. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6. Cambridge University Press, 6 Feb. 1986 ISBN 0521200946; p. 390
^ Karen Hearn, ed. Van Dyck and Britain. Tate Pub., 2009 ISBN 1854378589; p. 54
^ At the time crowns of England Scotland and Ireland were in a personal union. However James I and Charles I styled themselves King of Great Britain and Ireland, and so the ambassador represented the interests of Charles as Sovereign of all three countries.
^ Firth 1890, p. 417.
^ Christopher Brown, Sir Anthony Van Dyck, Hans Vlieghe, Frans Baudouin, Royal Academy of Arts (Great Britain), Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten (Belgium) Van Dyck, 1599–1641 Rizzoli, 16 Jul. 1999 ISBN 084782196X
^ Alexander V. Globe Peter Stent, London Printseller UBC Press, 1 Nov. 2011 ISBN 0774841419; p. 84
^ Thomas Christensen 1616: The World in Motion. Counterpoint Press, 2012 ISBN 1582437742; p. 323
^ Karen Hearn (ed.), Van Dyck & Britain Archived 4 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Tate Publishing, 2009 ISBN 978-1-85437-795-1; pp. 52–55.
^ Daniel J. Vitkus. Intro. to "Sir Robert Shirley his Entertainment in Cracovia". In Thomas Middleton: The Collected Works, ed. Gary Taylor and John Lavagnino (Oxford, 2007); pp. 670-72.

References

Pennington, Janet (2004). "Sherley, Sir Thomas (c.1542–1612)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25435. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Raiswell, Richard (2004). "Sherley, Sir Thomas (1564–1633/4)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25436. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Raiswell, Richard (2004). "Sherley, Anthony, Count Sherley in the nobility of the Holy Roman empire (1565–1636?)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25423. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Raiswell, Richard (2004). "Shirley, Sir Robert, Count Shirley in the papal nobility (c.1581–1628)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25433. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Firth, Charles Harding (1890). "Hacker, Francis" . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 416–418.