Refraction networking

Refraction networking, also known as decoy routing, is a research anti-censorship approach that would allow users to circumvent a censor without using any individual proxy servers.[1] Instead, it implements proxy functionality at the core of partner networks, such as those of Internet service providers, outside the censored country. These networks would discreetly provide censorship circumvention for "any connection that passes through their networks."[2] This prevents censors from selectively blocking proxy servers and makes censorship more expensive, in a strategy similar to collateral freedom.[3][4][5]

The approach was independently invented by teams at the University of Michigan, the University of Illinois, and Raytheon BBN Technologies. There are five existing protocols: Telex,[6] TapDance,[7] Cirripede,[8] Curveball,[9] and Rebound.[10] These teams are now working together to develop and deploy refraction networking with support from the U.S. Department of State.[1][3]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Refraction Networking". refraction.network. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  2. ^ Frolov, Sergey; Douglas, Fred; Scott, Will; McDonald, Allison; VanderSloot, Benjamin; Hynes, Rod; Kruger, Adam; Kallitsis, Michalis; Robinson, David G.; Schultze, Steve; Borisov, Nikita (2017). "An ISP-Scale Deployment of TapDance". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ a b Braga, Matthew (2017-08-16). "In fight for free speech, researchers test anti-censorship tool built into the internet's core | CBC News". CBC. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  4. ^ "$1M grant to develop secure, high-capacity research network at U-M". Michigan Engineering. 2020-01-29. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  5. ^ "'Clever' TapDance approach to web censorship that works at ISP level". Naked Security. 2017-08-25. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  6. ^ "Telex: Anticensorship in the Network Infrastructure | USENIX". www.usenix.org. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  7. ^ Wustrow, Eric; Swanson, Colleen M.; Halderman, J. Alex (2014). TapDance: End-to-Middle Anticensorship without Flow Blocking. pp. 159–174. ISBN 978-1-931971-15-7.
  8. ^ Houmansadr, Amir; Nguyen, Giang T.K.; Caesar, Matthew; Borisov, Nikita (2011-10-17). "Cirripede". Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on Computer and communications security. CCS '11. Chicago, Illinois, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 187–200. doi:10.1145/2046707.2046730. ISBN 978-1-4503-0948-6. S2CID 11019789.
  9. ^ "Decoy Routing: Toward Unblockable Internet Communication | USENIX". www.usenix.org. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  10. ^ Ellard, D.; Jones, C.; Manfredi, V.; Strayer, W. T.; Thapa, B.; Welie, M. Van; Jackson, A. (2015). "Rebound: Decoy routing on asymmetric routes via error messages". 2015 IEEE 40th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN). pp. 91–99. doi:10.1109/LCN.2015.7366287. ISBN 978-1-4673-6770-7. S2CID 12887876.
Stub icon

This Internet-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Read other articles:

Discovery Real Time

Discovery Real TimePemilikWarner Bros. DiscoverySitus webwww.discoverychannel.co.uk/web/realtime Discovery Real Time adalah saluran yang dimiliki oleh Warner Bros. Discovery. Sejarah 1994 - Didirikan dengan nama TLC versi Inggris. 1998 - Berganti nama menjadi Discovery Home & Leisure. 7 Mei 2005 - Relaunch dengan nama Discovery Real Time.[1] Versi Discovery Real Time Discovery Real Time Britania Raya Discovery Real Time Afrika Discovery Real Time Cina* Discovery Real Time Kanada D...

 

J.J. Madan

J.J. Madan adalah seorang pemilik bisnis teater dan sutradara film di India. Ia adalah putra ketiga dari tokoh film India Jamshedji Framji Madan yang memulai Madan Theatres Ltd. pada 1919. Setelah ayahnya meninggal pada 1923, J. J. Madan mengambil alih manajemen Teater Madan.[1] Referensi ^ Ashish Rajadhyaksha; Paul Willemen; Professor of Critical Studies Paul Willemen (10 July 2014). Madan, Jamshedji Framji. Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Routledge. hlm. 139. ISBN 978-1-135...

 

Echo (You and I)

Echo (You and I)Singel oleh Anggundari album EchoesDirilis2012FormatDigital download, CDDirekam2012GenreDance-pop, electronicDurasi2:59LabelWarnerPenciptaAnggun, William Rousseau, Jean-Pierre PilotProduserAnggun Echo (You and I)Perwakilan Kontes Lagu Eurovision 2012NegaraPrancisArtisAnggunBahasaPrancis, InggrisKomposerAnggun, William Rousseau, Jean-Pierre PilotKronologi partisipasi◄ Sognu (2011)    Echo (You and I) adalah sebuah lagu oleh penyanyi Indonesia Anggun C. Sasmi. Ini me...

Gunilla Carlsson

Gunilla Carlsson Menteri Kooperasi Pengembangan InternasionalMasa jabatan6 Oktober 2006 – 17 September 2013Perdana MenteriFredrik Reinfeldt PendahuluCarin JämtinPenggantiHillevi Engström Informasi pribadiLahir11 Mei 1963 (umur 60)Lund, SwediaPartai politikPartai ModeratSitus webSitus web resmiSitus web partaiSunting kotak info • L • B Anna Gunilla Carlsson (kelahiran 11 Mei 1963) adalah seorang politikus Swedia dan anggota Partai Moderat. Ia menjabat sebagai Me...

 

MV Glen Rosa

Ferry under construction Hull under construction, as of January 2020 History NameGlen Rosa NamesakeGlen Rosa on the Isle of Arran OwnerCaledonian Maritime Assets Limited OperatorCaledonian MacBrayne Port of registryGlasgow RouteArdrossan - Brodick Ordered2016 BuilderFerguson Marine (Port Glasgow) Ltd., UK Cost£97 million contract for two ferries, current cost estimate £250 million[1] Yard number802 Laid down16 June 2016 Launched9th of April 2024 (expected) CompletedMay 202...

 

Élections sénatoriales françaises de 1959

Cet article est une ébauche concernant une élection en France. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. 1958 1962 Élections sénatoriales françaises de 1959 26 avril 1959 Républicains indépendants Sénateurs élus 75  14 Parti radical Liste Union démocratique et socialiste de la RésistanceRassemblement Démocratique Africain Sénateurs élus 63  1 SFIO Sénateurs élus 51 ...

K. Mohan

Indian Politician K. MohanMohan with his wife during their 50th wedding anniversary celebrationBorn(1926-03-14)14 March 1926Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDied24 August 2014(2014-08-24) (aged 89)Other namesPasamalar MohanOccupation(s)Art director, film producerYears active1950–2014SpouseShanthakumariChildren8 K. Mohanakrishnan (14 March 1926 – 24 August 2014) also known as Pasamalar Mohan, or simply K. Mohan, was an Indian film producer and art director. He entered the movi...

 

Seventh United States Army

Division of the U.S. Army, active intermittently between 1943 and 2010 Not to be confused with 7th Army Training Command or United States Army Europe. Seventh ArmySeventh Army Shoulder Sleeve InsigniaActive1943–March 1946June 1946–19471950–2010Disbanded17 April 2010Country United StatesBranch ArmyTypeField ArmyRoleHeadquartersMotto(s)Pyramid of PowerColors   White and redCampaignsWorld War II Sicily Rome-Arno Southern France(with arrowhead) Rhineland Ardennes-Alsace ...

 

Nuada Airgetlám

First king of the Tuatha Dé Danann in Irish mythology Nuada redirects here. For the given name, see Nuada (given name). The Tandragee Idol, which is believed to represent Nuada[1] In Irish mythology, Nuada or Nuadu (modern spelling: Nuadha), known by the epithet Airgetlám (Airgeadlámh, meaning silver hand/arm), was the first king of the Tuatha Dé Danann. He is also called Nechtan, Nuadu Necht and Elcmar, and is the husband of Boann.[1] He is mostly known from the tale in w...

Anahola, Hawaii

Census-designated place in Hawaii, United StatesAnahola, HawaiiCensus-designated placeLocation in Kauai County and the state of HawaiiCoordinates: 22°8′42″N 159°18′47″W / 22.14500°N 159.31306°W / 22.14500; -159.31306CountryUnited StatesStateHawaiiCountyKauaiArea[1] • Total4.07 sq mi (10.54 km2) • Land3.69 sq mi (9.54 km2) • Water0.39 sq mi (1.00 km2)Elevation30 ft ...

 

Annales de Metz

Page de titre des Annales de Metz dans sa version publiée en 1905 par Bernhard von Simson (de) pour les Monumenta Germaniæ Historica Les Annales de Metz (en latin Annales Mettenses) sont à l'origine une compilation historique en latin publiée en 1626 par André Duchesne[1]. Il leur donna ce nom car elles provenaient d'un manuscrit de l'abbaye de Saint-Arnould, trouvé par Jacques Sirmond, où était narrée l'histoire des Francs depuis la fondation de leur royaume au Ve siècle ...

 

Islam in Libya

Religion in Libya Islam by countryWorld percentage of Muslims by country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Morocco Western Sahara Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Réuni...

استبدادية

يمكن أن تشير الاستبدادية (بالإنجليزية Oppression) إلى نظام حكم استبداديّ يهيمن على رعيته عَبْر سيطرة الدولة على السياسة، النظام النقدي، وسائل الإعلام، والجيش؛ ينكِر على الشعب أي حقوق إنسانية أو مدنية مُجدية؛ ويروّع العامة من خلال عقوبات قاسية ومجحفة، وشبكة سرية من المخبرين ا�...

 

The Independents (UK)

British political group This article is about the UK political group founded in July 2019. For similarly-named groups, see The Independents (disambiguation) and Independent Group (disambiguation). The Independents Founded10 July 2019 (2019-07-10)Dissolved12 January 2020 (2020-13-12)Split fromChange UKHeadquarters1 Mill YardGuildford StreetLutonLU1 2NRColours  MagentaSloganIndependent togetherWebsitehttps://www.theindependents.org.uk/Politics of the Unit...

 

Ceremony

Event of ritual significance, performed on a special occasion For other uses, see Ceremony (disambiguation). Ceremonial at court during Prinsjesdag A ceremony (UK: /ˈsɛrəməni/, US: /ˈsɛrəˌmoʊni/) is a unified ritualistic event with a purpose, usually consisting of a number of artistic components, performed on a special occasion. The word may be of Etruscan origin, via the Latin caerimonia.[1] Religious and civil (secular) ceremonies According to Dally Messenger and Alain de B...

Darlington Mowden Park R.F.C.

English rugby union club, based in Darlington This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Darlington Mowden Park R.F.C. – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rugby teamDarlington Mowden ParkFull nameDarlington Mowden Park Rugby Football ClubU...

 

Antiche unità di misura italiane

Tabella di conversione, restaurata ed esposta a Pomarance Campione di antiche misure, Senigallia. Le antiche unità di misura italiane furono unità di misura locali in uso nel corso dei secoli nelle diverse zone del territorio italiano. Pur avendo spesso nomi simili, ebbero origini e valori molto diversi tra loro. Fin dall'epoca comunale le diverse realtà locali realizzarono proprie unità di misura; nel corso dei secoli, le mutazioni di confini portarono a riunire sotto la stessa amministr...

 

Tailored Brands

American men's apparel company It has been suggested that MW Tux be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since December 2023. K&G redirects here. For the publisher, see Kaufman and Greenberg. Tailored Brands, Inc.Company typePrivateIndustryRetailFounded1973 (as Men's Wearhouse)FounderGeorge ZimmerHeadquartersHouston, Texas, U.S.Number of locations1,450 (Feb. 2020) [1]Area servedUnited States CanadaKey peopleBob Hull and Peter Sachse (interim co-CEOs)[2]ProductsMen'...

الغواصة الألمانية يو-2332

يو-2332   الجنسية  ألمانيا النازية الشركة الصانعة فريدريش كروب  المالك  كريغسمارينه المشغل كريغسمارينه (13 نوفمبر 1944–3 مايو 1945)[1]  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   غواصة يو-2332 غواصة يو بوت ألمانية من الفئة الثالثة والعشرون بنيت لسلاح بحرية ألمانيا النازية كريغسمارينه،...

 

Valter Chifu

Romanian volleyball player Valter Chifu Medal record Men's Volleyball Representing  Romania Olympic Games 1980 Moscow Team Valter Corneliu Chifu (born 2 September 1952) is a Romanian former volleyball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics. In 1980, Chifu was part of the Romanian team that won the bronze medal in the Olympic tournament. He played five matches. External links Valter-Corneliu Chifu at Olympics.com Corneliu Chifu at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) This ...