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Raja Ali Haji
راج علي حاج
Raja Ali Haji; راج علي حاج
Born	Raja Ali Haji bin Raja Haji Ahmad; 1808; Selangor Sultanate or Penyengat Island, Riau Islands, Johor Sultanate
Died	1873; Penyengat Island, Riau Islands, Riau-Lingga Sultanate
Occupation	Poet, Historian
Language	Malay

Raja Ali Haji bin Raja Haji Ahmad (1808/9–1869/75) was a 19th-century Bugis-Malay historian, poet and scholar who wrote Tuhfal al-Nafis.^[1]^[2] He was elevated to the status of National Hero of Indonesia in 2004. Haji has been described as one of the most important Malay writers of the 19th century.^[3]

Early life

Raja Ali Haji was born in Selangor (although some sources stated that he was born in Penyengat)^[4] in 1808 or 1809,^[5] and was the son of Raja Ahmad, who was titled Engku Haji Tua after accomplishing the pilgrimage to Mecca. He was the grandson of Raja Ali Haji Fisabilillah (the brother of Raja Lumu, the first Sultan of Selangor).^[6] Fisabilillah was a scion of the royal house of Riau, who were descended from Bugis warriors who came to the region in the 18th century.^[7] His mother, Encik Hamidah binti Malik was a cousin of his father and also of Bugis descent.^[8] Raji Ali Haji soon relocated to Penyengat as an infant, where he grew up and received his education.^[9]

Career

He went on pilgrimage to Mecca in 1828 when he was 19 years old. Haji undertook a diverse education and he eventually became renowned for his learning. He was 32, Haji became a joint regent who helped administer Lingga for the young Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar Shah.^[3]

Death

Most sources stated that Raja Ali Haji died in 1872 at Penyengat Island^[4] in Riau, but the date of his death was being debated as scattered evidences surfaced to oppose this claim. Among the best-known evidences was a letter written in 1872 when Raja Ali Haji wrote a letter to Herman Von De Wall, a Dutch cultural expert, who later died at Tanjung Pinang in 1873.^[10]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Raja Ali Haji

Upu Tenribong Daéng Rilaka

Daéng Chelak

Raja Ali Haji Fisabilillah

Tengku Mandak

Raja Ahmad (Raja Tua)

Raja Ali Haji

Panglima Perang Malik

Hamidah binti Panglima Perang Malik

Notable works

Poems

1847: Syair Abdul Muluk (disputed)
1847: Gurindam Dua Belas^[1]

Books

1860s: Tuhfat al-Nafis (The Precious Gift)^[1]
1865: Silsilah Melayu dan Bugis^[1]

Other writings

1857: Bustan al-Kathibin^[1]
1850s: Kitab Pengetahuan Bahasa (uncompleted)
1857: Intizam Waza'if al-Malik
1857: Thamarat al-Mahammah^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Salleh, Siti Hawa Hj (2010). Malay Literature of the 19th Century. ITBM. p. 136. ISBN 978-983-068-517-5.
^ ^a ^b Kelly Boyd (1999) Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing. Taylor & Francis. pp. 23-24 ISBN 1-884964-33-8
^ ^a ^b Riddell, Peter G. (2001). Islam and the Malay-Indonesian World: Transmission and Responses. Hurst. pp. 188–189. ISBN 978-1-85065-336-3.
^ ^a ^b Arya Ajisaka. Mengenal Pahlawan Indonesia. published by Kawan Pustaka. p. 219. ISBN 979-757-278-1
^ Ali al-Haji Riau, Virginia Matheson Hooker, Virginia Matheson, Barbara Watson Andaya (1982) The Precious Gift: Tuhfat Al-nafis. Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-19-582507-1
^ N. J. Ryan (1963) The Making of Modern Malaya: A History from Earliest Times to the Present. Oxford University Press. p. 69
^ Ali al-Haji Riau, Virginia Matheson Hooker, Virginia Matheson, Barbara Watson Andaya (1982) The Precious Gift: Tuhfat Al-nafis. Oxford University Press. p. 277. ISBN 0-19-582507-1
^ Stewart R. Sutherland (1988) The World's Religions. G.K. Hall. p. 42 ISBN 0-8161-8978-1
^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1994, p. 29
^ Timothy P. Barnard (2004) Contesting Malayness: Malay Identity Across Boundaries. NUS Press. p. 128 ISBN 9971-69-279-1