*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 03:28, 28 September 2023 (UTC) ‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 13 June 2017
Márcio Rafael Ferreira de Souza (born 7 September 1985), commonly known as Rafinha ([ʁɐˈfiɲa]; "Little Rafa"), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right-back. He is known as a skilled defender with good passing skills, quick pace, agility and a strong shot.[3] He has earned four caps with the Brazil national team. Since 2015, he has the German citizenship.[4]
Rafinha began his football career at the age of seven, playing for Gremio Londrinense, a futsal team from his home town of Londrina, Paraná. By age 12, he had begun training with PSTC, a local football club, before signing for Londrina Esporte Clube in 2000 at the age of 15. At the end of his second year with Londrina, Rafinha was signed by Coritiba. This meant moving hundreds of kilometers from his home town, but it also allowed Rafinha to display his talents on the national stage. For Coritiba, Rafinha made 23 appearances in the 2004 season and scored three goals in 13 appearances in the 2005 season.[5]
At Coritiba, Rafinha eventually found his way into the Brazil under-20 national team and played in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship in the Netherlands. During the tournament, he scored two goals and played an integral part in Brazil's progress to the bronze medal. Rafinha's performance at the tournament alerted numerous European teams to his ability, with German club Schalke 04 ultimately signing the right-back from Coritiba for an estimated €5 million on a four-year contract.[6] At Schalke, he made 42 appearances in 2005–06 season,[7] two goals in 35 appearances in the 2006–07 season,[8] five goals in 46 appearances in the 2007–08 season,[5] two goals in 40 appearances in the 2008–09 season,[9] and two goals in 35 appearances in the 2009–10 season.[10]
Genoa
On 4 August 2010, it was confirmed that Rafinha moved from Schalke to Italian side Genoa.[11][12] The transfer had cost Genoa €8 million.[13] He scored two goals in 34 appearances in his only Serie A season. After Genoa had failed to pay the transfer fee in time, however, Rafinha's former club Schalke sued Genoa through the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS).[14]
Bayern Munich
Rafinha during a training session with Bayern Munich in 2016
On 1 June 2011, Bayern Munich confirmed Rafinha's transfer from Genoa on the same day that they signed his former Schalke teammate Manuel Neuer. Rafinha signed a three-year contract, and reports say Bayern paid €5.75 million for him.[13][15] He scored his first goal for Bayern against Villarreal, as a substitute in a 2–0 UEFA Champions League win on 14 September 2011.[16] He finished the 2011–12 season with a goal in 35 appearances.[17] Entering as an 83rd-minute substitute on 20 October 2012 during an away match against Fortuna Düsseldorf, he scored his first Bundesliga goal for Bayern in a 5–0 win.[18] He played a total of 13 Bundesliga games throughout the season, adding another goal on 13 April in a 4–0 win over 1. FC Nürnberg.[19] He finished the 2012–13 season with two goals in 17 appearances.[20]
During the 2013–14 season, after fellow right back Philipp Lahm was moved to defensive midfield, Rafinha found more opportunities to play regularly. He made 46 appearances across all competitions,[5] including the entire DFB-Pokal final in which Bayern secured a second consecutive double after defeating Borussia Dortmund.[21]
Rafinha was an unused substitute in the German Super Cup.[29] He made his first appearance of the 2018–19 season in the German Cup.[30] He started the match and played the full 90 minutes.[30] He finished the 2018–19 season with a goal in 26 appearances.[31]
Flamengo
On 9 June 2019, Flamengo confirmed Rafinha's transfer from Bayern Munich. Rafinha signed a two-year contract.[32]
Olympiacos
On 23 August 2020, Rafinha joined Olympiacos after signing a one-plus-one-year contract.[33] He was officially released on 2 February 2021, as he was no longer in the plans of manager Pedro Martins,[34] especially after signing right full-back Kenny Lala as a free transfer a few days earlier. Although, before the mutual termination of his contract, he won the Greek Cup and alongside, Olympiacos set an agreement that, after winning that season's Super League Greece, Rafinha will get a commemorative medal for that title.[35]
Grêmio
On 29 March 2021, Rafinha joined Grêmio on a deal running until December.[36]
In the summer of 2008, Rafinha was involved in a dispute with his club about his participation for Brazil at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
Schalke 04 (to send Rafinha) along with Werder Bremen (Diego), both to Brazil, and Barcelona (Lionel Messi) to Argentina, did not want to release their players for the Olympic games so that they could help them in their domestic and European competitions. The case was taken to FIFA, which ruled that all clubs should release their players aged under 23 for the Games.[37][38]
Schalke, Werder Bremen, and Barcelona, however, took their case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) who eventually ruled in the clubs' favour, stating, "The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) has upheld the appeals filed by FC Schalke 04, SV Werder Bremen and FC Barcelona against the decision issued on 30 July 2008 by the Single Judge of the FIFA's Players' Status Committee that consequently has been set aside in its entirety because the Olympics is not on the FIFA's International Calendar to avoid competing with the FIFA World Cup."[39][40][41][42]
Schalke continued its bar on Rafinha from attending the Olympics. Despite his club's wishes, however, he ultimately did compete for the Brazil squad under the provision that their salaries were paid for by the Brazilian Football Confederation,[43] which won bronze.[44][45]
Senior team
Rafinha made his senior debut for Brazil on 26 March 2008 in a friendly match against Sweden.[46] He then went through a six-year absence from the national team, making his second appearance in a friendly against South Africa on 5 March 2014. In May 2014, he was named by Brazil head coach Luiz Felipe Scolari as a standby player for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[47]
On 17 September 2015, Rafinha was called up by head coach Dunga for two qualifying fixtures for the 2018 World Cup, but five days later turned it down, while also denying claims of rejecting the call-up to represent his adopted homeland Germany.[48]
In June 2017, Rafinha was called up for international friendlies against Argentina and Australia.[49]
Despite his desire to compete in the FIFA World Cup, he was on the stand-by list for both the 2014 and 2018 World Cup Squad.[citation needed]
