R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 590 U.S. ___ (2020), is a landmark[1] United States Supreme Court case which ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects transgender people from employment discrimination.
Aimee Stephens was a funeral home employee who had presented herself as male up until 2013. On July 31, 2013, she wrote to her employer, the Harris Funeral Homes group, so that they could be prepared for her decision to undergo gender reassignment surgery, telling them that after a vacation, she planned to return dressed in female attire that otherwise followed the employee handbook. She was fired shortly after the letter was sent, and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission helped to represent Stephens in court. The District Court ruled for the funeral homes, stating Title VII did not cover transgender people and that as a religious organization under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, the company had a right to dismiss Stephens for non-conformity. The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the decision, concluding Title VII did include protection for transgender people, which Harris Funeral Homes petitioned the Supreme Court to review. About a month before the Supreme Court decision, Stephens died from health complications. Representation of her case continued through her estate.
The case was heard on October 8, 2019, alongside two other cases, Bostock v. Clayton County and Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda which dealt with Title VII protection related to sexual orientation. The Court ruled in a 6–3 decision under Bostock but covering all three cases on June 15, 2020, that Title VII protection extends to gay and transgender people.[2]
In the United States, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark piece of legislation to prevent discrimination across race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Among its titles include Title VII, relating to equal employment opportunities and employment discrimination, with the same classes protected against discrimination in employment as well. However, at issue has remained how the Act covers the areas of gender identity as well as sexual orientation as they are not mentioned explicitly. This has led to disjointed coverage of LGBT and gender identity rights with some states issuing specific anti-discrimination for these groups. At the federal level, the House of Representatives has passed a 2019 amendment to the Act, the Equality Act, to explicitly grant these classes protection from discrimination under the Civil Rights Act, but such legislation has yet to be ratified by the Senate as of May 2020.[3][4]
Stephens considered herself a transgender woman for most of her adult life but presented herself as a male, which reportedly caused her constant emotional stress.[5] In 2013, she decided to come out to family and friends, and arranged to undergo reassignment surgery within the next year, expressing herself as a woman prior to transition as part of real-life experience. At that time, she had been an employee of R.G. &. G.R. Harris Funeral Homes for six years, and had an excellent work record. She wrote her supervisor regarding this matter prior to taking a vacation from work, and as to help with the transition, she would return to work in attire appropriate for female employees as outlined in their employee handbook. Two weeks later, Stephens was notified by mail that she had been terminated by the funeral home's owner, Thomas Rost. They attempted to mediate an amicable departure, with Rost offering Stephens a severance package, but she refused to take it.[6]
Stephens filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), believing she had been discriminated against due to being transgender.[6] EEOC agreed and took the case against the funeral home to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. There in 2016, the district court found for the funeral home on two bases: first, that in Title VII neither transgender persons nor gender identity were protected classes, and second, that because Rost was a devout Christian who does not accept that one can change one's gender, and ran the homes under his religion, that the Religious Freedom Restoration Act gave him the ability to fire Stephens if she would not conform.[6][7]
The EEOC appealed to the Sixth Circuit. In March 2018, the Sixth Circuit reversed the decision, ruling that Title VII's "discrimination by sex" does include transgender persons.[8] The court also considered that the funeral home had failed to show how the Civil Rights Act burdened Rost from expressing his religious freedom.[9] Part of the Sixth's decision rested on the 1989 case Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins which states that employers cannot discriminate against employees for failure to conform to the stereotypical behavior of a man or woman. The case revolves around protections relating to public and private employees from being discriminated upon because of sex and whether this applies to gender identity for transgender persons.[5]
In May 2020, before the Supreme Court had issued a decision, Stephens entered hospice care, as her long-term kidney disease had become untreatable.[10] She died on May 12, 2020, at age 59.[11][12] Stephens's lawyers, from the American Civil Liberties Union, said that the case would be carried on by her estate.[13]
The funeral home was represented by the Alliance Defending Freedom, an American conservative Christian legal advocacy group involved in multiple transgender rights cases. They filed a petition in the U.S. Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari, asking the Court to hear the case.[5] There had been a circuit split on the issue of whether Title VII protects employees from employment discrimination based on sexual orientation. The Second Circuit in Zarda v. Altitude Express, Inc. and the Seventh Circuit in Hively v. Ivy Tech Community College found that the Title VII protects employees from discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation; the Eleventh Circuit in Bostock v. Clayton County came to the opposite conclusion.[14] The U.S. Department of Justice filed a brief with the Supreme Court in October 2018 arguing that the Sixth Circuit had decided wrongly and that Harris Funeral Homes had a right to fire an employee for being transgender.[15]
The Court granted the cert petition (agreeing to hear the appeal) for Harris Funeral Homes in April 2019, alongside a pair of cases consolidated under Bostock which raised the same question related to Title VII discrimination against sexual orientation. Harris and these cases were heard on October 8, 2019.[16][17] In oral arguments, the Court's conservative justices argued that because Congress had not included gender identity at the time of the Civil Rights Act and had not updated the law to include it, the Court should not create new law beyond Congress's intentions. Arguments also centered on how the word "sex" in Title VII could be interpreted to include transgender individuals.[18]
Justice Neil Gorsuch delivered the opinion of the Court in this case on June 15, 2020.[19] In a 6–3 decision, the Court held that Title VII protections pursuant to § 2000e-2(a)(1) did extend to cover sexual orientation and gender identity. The decision then involved the statutory interpretation of Title VII (specifically the original meaning of "sex"),[20] not constitutional law as in other recent landmark cases involving the rights of LGBT individuals such as Obergefell v. Hodges.[21][22] The Court further held that Title VII protections against sex discrimination in the employment context apply to discrimination against particular individuals on the basis of sex, as opposed to discrimination against groups.[23] Thus, Title VII provides a remedy to individuals who experience discrimination on the basis of sex even if an employer's policy on the whole does not involve discrimination. Gorsuch wrote:
An employer who fires an individual for being homosexual or transgender fires that person for traits or actions it would not have questioned in members of a different sex. Sex plays a necessary and undisguisable role in the decision, exactly what Title VII forbids. Those who adopted the Civil Rights Act might not have anticipated their work would lead to this particular result. But the limits of the drafters' imagination supply no reason to ignore the law's demands. Only the written word is the law, and all persons are entitled to its benefit.[19]
In his opinion, Gorsuch wrote, "it is irrelevant what an employer might call its discriminatory practice, how others might label it, or what else might motivate it."[20] He referenced Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp., in which a company refused to hire women with young children; and City of L.A. Dep't of Water & Power v. Manhart, in which an employer required women to make larger pension fund contributions than did men, on the premise that women on average live longer than men do. Both cases violated Title VII, and Gorsuch wrote, "just as labels and additional intentions or motivations didn't make a difference in Manhart or Phillips, they cannot make a difference here."[20]
Gorsuch's decision also alluded to concerns that the judgment may set a sweeping precedent that would force gender equality on traditional practices. "They say sex-segregated bathrooms, locker rooms, and dress codes will prove unsustainable after our decision today but none of these other laws are before us; we have not had the benefit of adversarial testing about the meaning of their terms, and we do not prejudge any such question today."[24]
Justice Samuel Alito wrote a dissent, joined by Justice Clarence Thomas. In his dissent, Alito asserted that at the time of the crafting of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 the concepts of sexual orientation and transgender identity would have been unknown, and thus Congress's language should not be implied to cover these facets. Alito wrote, "Many will applaud today's decision because they agree on policy grounds with the Court's updating of Title VII. But the question in these cases is not whether discrimination because of sexual orientation or gender identity should be outlawed. The question is whether Congress did that in 1964. It indisputably did not."[25] Alito further stated that "even if discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity could be squeezed into some arcane understanding of sex discrimination, the context in which Title VII was enacted would tell us that this is not what the statute's terms were understood to mean at that time."[26] Alito was critical of the majority decision:
There is only one word for what the Court has done today: legislation. The document that the Court releases is in the form of a judicial opinion interpreting a statute, but that is deceptive ... A more brazen abuse of our authority to interpret statutes is hard to recall. The Court tries to convince readers that it is merely enforcing the terms of the statute, but that is preposterous.[27]
Justice Brett Kavanaugh wrote a separate dissent, arguing that the Court could not add sexual orientation or gender identity to Title VII due to the separation of powers, leaving this responsibility to Congress. He concluded by acknowledging that
Millions of gay and lesbian Americans have worked hard for many decades to achieve equal treatment in fact and law ... They have advanced powerful policy arguments and can take pride in today's result. Under the Constitution's separation of powers, however, I believe that it was Congress's role, not this Court's, to amend Title VII.[26]
La Partita a scacchi è un dipinto del pittore rinascimentale cremonese Giulio Campi (1507 o 1508 - 1573). Partita a scacchiAutoreGiulio Campi Data1530 ca Tecnicaolio su tavola Dimensioni90×127 cm UbicazioneMuseo civico d'arte antica, Torino Indice 1 Descrizione 1.1 Confronto con la partita a scacchi di Sofonisba Anguissola 1.2 Simbologia 2 Note 3 Bibliografia 4 Voci correlate Descrizione Roberto Longhi pubblicò questo dipinto nel 1963, quando si trovava ancora nella collezione genovese N…
Perfect VelvetAlbum studio karya Red VelvetDirilis17 November 2017Direkam2016-2018Genre K-pop R&B Hip-hop electronica Durasi30:56 41:37 (edisi repackage)BahasaKoreaLabel SM Genie Iriver Inc. ProduserAgent 47 Lee Soo-manKronologi Red Velvet The Red Summer(2017) Perfect Velvet(2017) #Cookie Jar(2018) Singel dalam album Perfect Velvet Peek-a-BooDirilis: 17 November 2017 Sampul edisi RepackageGambar sampul digital The Perfect Red Velvet Singel dalam album The Perfect Red Velvet Bad BoyDirili…
Windows SharePoint Services, WSS — платформа для развертывания и управления содержимым от компании Microsoft. Является основой для размещения файлов и папок. Служит основой для многих продуктов Microsoft. Предоставляет базовые возможности поиска информации, систему управления содержимым, р
Italian screenwriter, director, actor You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. (May 2023) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Italian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-transl…
Mikael Dorsin, 2009 Mikael Frank Dorsin (* 6. Oktober 1981 in Lidingö) ist ein ehemaliger schwedischer Fußballspieler. Der Abwehrspieler begann seine Karriere beim Stockholmer Djurgårdens IF, für den er bis Dezember 2002 spielte. Zum Sommer 2003 wechselte er nach Frankreich zu Racing Strasbourg, ging aber bereits ein Jahr später zu Rosenborg Trondheim in Norwegen. 2008 wechselte er zwischenzeitlich zum CFR Cluj nach Rumänien, kehrte aber noch im August desselben Jahres nach Trondheim zurü…
Адхам АчиловЗагальна інформаціяНаціональність узбекГромадянство УзбекистанМісце проживання ТашкентНародження 7 квітня 1976(1976-04-07) (47 років)Ташкент, Узбецька РСР, СРСРЗріст 163 смВага 56 кгСпортКраїна УзбекистанВид спорту боротьбаДисципліна вільна боротьбаКлуб «Дин…
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: 1971 England rugby union tour of the Far East – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1971 England rugby union tour of the Far EastSummaryP W D L Total07 07 00 00Test match06 06 00 00OpponentP W D L Japan2…
Едуардо ІндаEduardo Inda Arriaga Прізвисько Don Pantuflo[1]Народився 15 липня 1967(1967-07-15) (56 років)Памплона, ІспаніяГромадянство ІспаніяДіяльність журналістAlma mater Наварський університетЗнання мов іспанськаЗаклад Unidad Editoriald Медіафайли у Вікісховищі Едуардо Інда Аріага (15 липня 196…
2012 Crawley Borough Council election[1] ← 2011 3 May 2012 2014 → 12 of the 37 seats to Crawley Borough Council19 seats needed for a majority First party Second party Party Conservative Labour Seats before 24 13 Seats won 5 8 Seats after 21 16 Seat change 3 3 Popular vote 8,527 9,405 Percentage 44.2% 48.8% Map showing the results of the 2012 Crawley Borough Council elections by ward. Blue show Conservative seats, and red shows …
Delegation in the Maryland General Assembly This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008) The Baltimore County Delegation refers to the members of the Maryland House of Delegates who reside in or represent legislative districts that include parts of Baltimore County, Maryland in the United States of America. Three delegates are elected from each district, though some districts are divided into sub-districts. Current members As of 2023, the current members of the Baltimo…
Hildegard Knef (1969) Hildegard Frieda Albertine Knef [kneːf] (* 28. Dezember 1925 in Ulm; † 1. Februar 2002 in Berlin) war eine deutsche Schauspielerin, Synchronsprecherin, Chansonsängerin und Autorin. Während sie im deutschsprachigen Raum als Hildegard Knef bekannt war, nannte sie sich von 1948 bis circa 1968 außerhalb des deutschsprachigen Raumes Hildegarde Neff.[1][2] Sie war ab 1950 US-amerikanische Staatsbürgerin. Knef begann ihre Filmkarriere am Ende des Dritten Rei…
Este artigo não cita fontes confiáveis. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW • CAPES • Google (N • L • A) (Setembro de 2019) Cosmas Damian Asam Cosmas Damian Asam Nascimento 28 de setembro de 1686Benediktbeuern Morte 10 de maio de 1739 (52 anos)Munique Cidadania Alemanha Irmão(ã)(s) Egid Quirin Asam, Maria Salome Asam Ocupação arquiteto, pintor [edite no Wikida…
Sagi Muki 2019 Sagi Muki, hebräisch שגיא מוקי (* 17. Mai 1992 in Netanya) ist ein israelischer Judoka und zweimaliger Europameister: 2015 in Baku (in der Klasse bis 73 kg) und 2018 in Tel Aviv (in der Klasse bis 81 kg). Bis zu den Olympischen Spielen in Rio de Janeiro 2016 trat Muki im Leichtgewicht an und wechselte danach ins Halbmittelgewicht. In der Saison 2018 kämpft Muki in der Judo-Bundesliga für den TSV Abensberg. Muki ist nach Ariel Zeevi der zweite männliche Judoka…
Kupu Kupu MalamPoster resmiGenreSinetronDramaDewasaRomantisPembuatRapi FilmsSutradaraUmam A.P.Pemeran Lyra Virna Atoy Herlambang Fariz Djibran Christine Jogya Angela Prisa Ica Alicia Lagu pembukaGadis Malam, Java JiveLagu penutupGadis Malam, Java JivePenata musikAreng WidodoNegara asalIndonesiaBahasa asliIndonesiaJmlh. episode22ProduksiProduserGope T. SamtaniLokasi produksi Cipayung, Jakarta Timur, Jakarta Jakarta Selatan, Jakarta Durasi60 menit (19:00-20:00 WIB)Rumah produksiRapi FilmsDis…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2020) تتميّز أعمال البناء بخطورة موقع العمل، وتتضمن: بناء المنازل، والطرق، والشوارع، وإصلاح وصيانة مباني البنية التحتية، وغير ذلك من الأعمال. تتضمن هذه الأعمال عدد…
المحكمة العليا الإسبانية تعديل مصدري - تعديل مملكة إسبانياهذا المقال هو جزء من سلسلة مقالات عن سياسة إسبانيا الدستور دستور 1978 المحكمة الدستورية حقوق الإنسان الضرائب التاج الملكية الملك فيليب السادس أميرة أستورياس ليونور العائلة الملكية السلطة التنفيذية السلطة التنفي…
Ion formation via a photon interacting with a molecule or atom Photoionization is the process that makes once-invisible filaments in deep space glow.[1] Photoionization is the physical process in which an ion is formed from the interaction of a photon with an atom or molecule.[2] Cross section Not every interaction between a photon and an atom, or molecule, will result in photoionization. The probability of photoionization is related to the photoionization cross section of the sp…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أغسطس 2020) ميشيل دي غرامون (بالفرنسية: Michel de Grandmont) معلومات شخصية الميلاد سنة 1645 باريس الوفاة أكتوبر 1686 (40–41 سنة) بحر مواطنة فرنسا الحياة العملي…
Retired class of New York City Subway car This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: R36 New York City Subway car – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) R36A Main Line R36 train covered in graffiti on the 1 service at 125th Str…
Iglesia de Nuestra Señora Baudenkmal LocalizaciónPaís AlemaniaDivisión NúrembergDirección Alemania Alemania, NúrembergCoordenadas 49°27′14″N 11°04′41″E / 49.454, 11.078Información religiosaCulto Iglesia católicaDiócesis Archidiócesis de BambergAdvocación Virgen MaríaHistoria del edificioFundación 1352Construcción 1350-1358[1]Arquitecto Peter ParlerDatos arquitectónicosTipo IglesiaEstilo góticoSitio web oficial[editar datos en Wikidata…
Lokasi Pengunjung: 3.135.196.63