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Qulonggongba Formation
Qulonggongba Formation
Stratigraphic range: Norian, ; ~215.56–212.0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Langjiexue Group
Underlies	Qudenggongba Formation & Derirong Formation
Overlies	Tulong Group
Lithology
Primary	Mudstone
Other	Siltstone, sandstone, limestone
Location
Coordinates	25°30′N 104°54′E / 25.5°N 104.9°E
Approximate paleocoordinates	11°42′N 94°12′E / 11.7°N 94.2°E
Region	Southern Tibet
Country	China
Extent	Nyalam, Tingri
Type section
Named for	Cholung Gompa [zh]
Named by	Qingge Gu
Location	Longjiang Xishan, 2 km west of Longjiang Village, southern Tingri
Year defined	1965
	Qulonggongba Formation (China) Qulonggongba Formation (Tibet)

The Qulonggongba Formation is a Late Triassic (Norian) geologic formation in southern Tibet, near to the border with Nepal, that is part of the Langjiexue Group.^[3] It would have been a marine environment.^[4]

Vertebrate fauna

Reptiles

Genus	Species	Material	Notes
Himalayasaurus	H. tibetensis^[4]	Fragmentary skeletons	A gigantic ichthyosaur

Cartilaginous fish

Genus	Species	Presence	Notes
Hybodontidae gen. indet.	Indeterminate^[3]

Conodonts

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Notes
Epigondolella	E. multidentata^[5]	Tulong, Tingri	Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone
Metapolygnathus	Indeterminate^[6]

Invertebrates

Ammonites

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Notes
Acanthinites	Indeterminate^[2]	Sūrè Shan	Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone	A ceratitid
Ammotibetites	A. wheeleri^[2]	Longjiang Xishan		A ceratitid
Anasibirites	A. kingianus^[5]	Tulong	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	A ceratitid
Anatibetites	Indeterminate^[5]	Longjiang Xishan, Tulong	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	A ceratitid
Anatomites	A. ex gr. "sissi"^[2]	Longjiang Xishan, Sūrè Shan, Tulong	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	A ceratitid
Anatomites	Indeterminate^[5]	Tulong, Tingri	Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone	A ceratitid
Arcestes	Indeterminate^[2]	Longjiang Xishan, Sūrè Shan		A ceratitid
Cladiscites	Indeterminate^[2]	Longjiang Xishan, Sūrè Shan	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	A ceratitid
Cosmonautilus	Indeterminate^[2]	Sūrè Shan		A nautilid
Cyrtopleurites	C. cf. agrippinae^[2]	Longjiang Xishan		A ceratitid
Cyrtopleurites	Indeterminate^[5]	Tulong, Tingri	Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone	A ceratitid
Dimorphites	Indeterminate^[5]	Tulong, Tingri	Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone	A ceratitid
Discophyllites	Indeterminate^[2]	Longjiang Xishan	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	An ammonitid
Dittmarites	D. lilliformis^[2]	Longjiang Xishan		A ceratitid
Ectolcites	E. cf. hollandi^[2]	Longjiang Xishan		A ceratitid
Gonionotites	Indeterminate^[2]	Longjiang Xishan	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	A ceratitid
Griesbachites	G. pseudomedleyanus^[2]	Longjiang Xishan, Tulong	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	A ceratitid
Griesbachites	Indeterminate^[2]^[5]	Longjiang Xishan, Tulong	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	A ceratitid
Guembelites	G. jandianus^[5]	Longjiang, Tulong	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	A ceratitid
Guembelites	G. philostrati^[2]	Longjiang Xishan, Tulong	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	A ceratitid
Halorites	Indeterminate^[2]	Sūrè Shan		A ceratitid
?Hauerites	Indeterminate^[2]	Longjiang Xishan	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	A ceratitid
Indojuvavites	I. angulatus^[2]	Kagangla Pass, Longjiang Xishan, Sūrè Shan, Tulong	Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone	A ceratitid
Juvavites	J. cf. subinterruptus^[5]	Tulong	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	A ceratitid
	J. continuus^[5]	Tulong, Tingri	Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone
	J. sarasinii^[5]	Tulong, Tingri	Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone
Megaphyllites	Indeterminate^[2]	Sūrè Shan		A ceratitid
Metacarnites	Indeterminate^[2]	Longjiang Xishan, Sūrè Shan		A ceratitid
Metacarnites	"M. xizangensis"^[5]	Tulong, Tingri	Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone	A ceratitid
?Mirojuvavites	"M. xizangensis"^[5]	Tulong, Tingri	Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone	A ceratitid
Parajuvavites	Intermediate^[2]	Longjiang Xishan	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	A ceratitid
?Parathisbites	Indeterminate^[2]	Sūrè Shan		A ceratitid
Paratibetites	P. adolphi^[2]	Longjiang Xishan, Sūrè Shan		A ceratitid
	?P. tornquisti^[2]	Longjiang Xishan	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone
	Indeterminate^[5]	Tulong, Tingri	Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone
Pinacoceras	Indeterminate^[2]	Longjiang Xishan		A ceratitid
Placites	P. cf. oldhami^[2]	Longjiang Xishan		A ceratitid
Placites	Indeterminate^[2]	Sūrè Shan		A ceratitid
Stenarcestes	Indeterminate^[2]	Longjiang Xishan	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	A ceratitid
?Thisbites	Indeterminate^[2]	Longjiang Xishan		A ceratitid
Tibetites	T. ryalli^[2]	Longjiang Xishan, Sūrè Shan		A ceratitid
Tibetites	Indeterminate^[2]	Longjiang Xishan		A ceratitid

Bivalves

Genus	Species	Location (section)	Stratigraphic position	Notes
Burmesia	B. lirata^[5]	Tulong	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	Member of Anomalodesmata
Cardita	Indeterminate^[2]	Longjiang Xishan, Sūrè Shan
Cassianella	Indeterminate^[2]	Longjiang Xishan, Sūrè Shan		Member of Ostreida
Halobia	Indeterminate^[2]	Longjiang Xishan, Tulong	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	Member of Ostreida
	H. cf. distincta^[5]	Tulong	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone
	H. sirri^[5]	Tulong	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone
	H. cf. jagelskyi^[5]	Tulong	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone
Indopecten	I. margariticostatus^[2]	Longjiang Xishan, Sūrè Shan, Tulong	Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone	A scallop
Indopecten	I. himalayensis^[5]	Tulong	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	A scallop
?Lima	Indeterminate^[2]	Longjiang Xishan, Sūrè Shan		A file shell
Monotis	M. salinaria^[2]	Longjiang Xishan		Member of Pectinida
Myophoricardium	M. tulongense^[5]	Tulong, Tingri	Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone	Member of Carditida
?Nucula	Indeterminate^[2]	Longjiang Xishan		A nut clam
?Palaeocardia	"P. singularis"^[5]	Tulong, Tingri	Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone
?Palaeocardia	"P. rhomboidalis"^[5]	Tulong, Tingri	Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone
Palaeoneilo	P. cf. tirolensis^[2]	Sūrè Shan		A nuculanid
Palaeonucula	P. strigilata^[5]	Tulong, Tingri	Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone	A nuculanid
	P. subaequilatera tswayensis^[5]	Tulong, Tingri	Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone
	"P. timorensis"^[5]	Tulong, Tingri	Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone
Pecten	Indeterminate^[2]	Sūrè Shan		A scallop
Pleuromya	P. himaica^[2]	Longjiang Xishan		Member of Myida
Schafhaeutlia	Indeterminate^[2]	Longjiang Xishan, Sūrè Shan		A hatchet shell
Unionites	U. griesbachi^[2]	Longjiang Xishan, Sūrè Shan		Member of Unionida
Veteranella	V. (Ledoides) langnongensis^[5]^[7]	Tulong, Tingri	Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone	A nuculanid

Brachiopods

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Notes
Eoseptaliphoria	E. intorta^[5]	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	A rhynchonellid
Eoseptaliphoria	E. tulungensis^[5]	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone	A rhynchonellid
"Himalarhynchia"	"H. media"^[5]	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone
Nudirostralina	N. griesbachi^[5]	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	A rhynchonellid
Pseudolepismatina	P. nyalamensis^[5]	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	Member of Rhynchonellata
Tibetothyris	T. depressa^[5]	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone	Member of Terebratulida
Spiriferina	S. shalshalensis^[5]	Griesbachites–Guembilites Zone Indojuvavites angulatus–Epigondolella multidentata–Himalayasaurus Zone	Member of Rhynchonellata

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Meng, Z.; Wang, J.; Ji, W.; Zhang, H.; Wu, F.; Garzanti, E. (2019). "The Langjiexue Group is an in situ sedimentary sequence rather than an exotic block:Constraints from coeval Upper Triassic strata of the Tethys Himalaya (Qulonggongba Formation)". Science China Earth Sciences. 62 (5): 783–797. doi:10.1007/s11430-018-9314-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq Gu, Q. (1965). 西藏定日海相三迭纪地层 [Triassic marine strata in Tingri, Tibet]. Geological Review (in Chinese (China)). 23 (4): 256–262.
^ ^a ^b M.-M. Chang and F. Jin. (1996). Mesozoic fish faunas of China. In G. Arriata & G. Viohl (ed.), Mesozoic Fishes - Systematics and Paleoecology 1:461-478
^ ^a ^b Dong, Z.-M. (1972). 珠穆朗玛峯地区的鱼龙化石 [An ichthyosaur fossil from the Qomolangma (Mt. Everest) region]. In Young, C. C.; Dong, Z.-M. (eds.). 中国三迭纪水生爬行动物 [Aquatic Reptiles from the Triassic of China]. Memoirs of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (in Chinese (China)). Vol. 9. pp. 7–10.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag Zou, G.; Mao, Q.; Chen, Y.; Rao, R. (2006). 西藏南部珠穆朗玛峰地区三叠纪生物地层研究 [A Research into Triassic Biostratigraphy of the Qomolongma Area in Southern Xizang (Tibet)]. Geological Review (in Chinese (China)). 52 (3): 386–395, 439–440.
^ An, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhu, T.; Zhang, Y.; Yuan, D.; Li, J. (2020). "Stable Carbon Isotope Perturbations Recorded in Triassic Tulong Group-Qulonggongba Formation of South Tibet". Earth Science (in Chinese (China)). 45 (8): 2964–2977. doi:10.3799/dqkx.2020.085.
^ Z. J. Fang, J. H. Chen, C. Z. Chen, J. G. Sha, X. Lan and S. Z. Wen. (2009). Supraspecific taxa of the Bivalvia first named, described, and published in China (1927-2007). The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, New Series.

[Meng2019-1] Meng, Z.; Wang, J.; Ji, W.; Zhang, H.; Wu, F.; Garzanti, E. (2019). "The Langjiexue Group is an in situ sedimentary sequence rather than an exotic block:Constraints from coeval Upper Triassic strata of the Tethys Himalaya (Qulonggongba Formation)". Science China Earth Sciences. 62 (5): 783–797. doi:10.1007/s11430-018-9314-9.

[Gu1965-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq Gu, Q. (1965). 西藏定日海相三迭纪地层 [Triassic marine strata in Tingri, Tibet]. Geological Review (in Chinese (China)). 23 (4): 256–262.

[Chang96-3] M.-M. Chang and F. Jin. (1996). Mesozoic fish faunas of China. In G. Arriata & G. Viohl (ed.), Mesozoic Fishes - Systematics and Paleoecology 1:461-478

[Dong72-4] Dong, Z.-M. (1972). 珠穆朗玛峯地区的鱼龙化石 [An ichthyosaur fossil from the Qomolangma (Mt. Everest) region]. In Young, C. C.; Dong, Z.-M. (eds.). 中国三迭纪水生爬行动物 [Aquatic Reptiles from the Triassic of China]. Memoirs of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (in Chinese (China)). Vol. 9. pp. 7–10.

[Zou2006-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag Zou, G.; Mao, Q.; Chen, Y.; Rao, R. (2006). 西藏南部珠穆朗玛峰地区三叠纪生物地层研究 [A Research into Triassic Biostratigraphy of the Qomolongma Area in Southern Xizang (Tibet)]. Geological Review (in Chinese (China)). 52 (3): 386–395, 439–440.

[6] An, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhu, T.; Zhang, Y.; Yuan, D.; Li, J. (2020). "Stable Carbon Isotope Perturbations Recorded in Triassic Tulong Group-Qulonggongba Formation of South Tibet". Earth Science (in Chinese (China)). 45 (8): 2964–2977. doi:10.3799/dqkx.2020.085.

[7] Z. J. Fang, J. H. Chen, C. Z. Chen, J. G. Sha, X. Lan and S. Z. Wen. (2009). Supraspecific taxa of the Bivalvia first named, described, and published in China (1927-2007). The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, New Series.

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