Qalhat

Qalhāt Arabic: قلهات
Village


Coordinates: 22°41′58″N 59°22′10″E / 22.69944°N 59.36944°E / 22.69944; 59.36944
Country	Oman
Governorate	Ash Sharqiyah South Governorate
Wilayat	Wilayat of Sur
Population (2010)
• Total	1,123

Ancient City of Qalhat
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Bibi Maryam mausoleum
Location	Sur Province, Ash Sharqiyah South Governorate, Oman
Criteria	Cultural: (ii), (iii)
Reference	1537
Inscription	2018 (42nd Session)
Area	75.82 ha
Buffer zone	170.09 ha
Coordinates	22°42′N 59°22′E / 22.700°N 59.367°E / 22.700; 59.367
Location of Qalhat in Oman Show map of Oman Qalhat (West and Central Asia) Show map of West and Central Asia

Qalhāt (Arabic: قلهات) is a village in Oman, over 20 km north of Sur. The residential area is to the northwest of Wādī Ḥilm (Arabic: وادي حلم), and the ruins of the ancient city are located to the southeast. The ancient city is referred to as Calatu by Marco Polo and as Calha in the map of Abraham Ortelius.

Site description

Marco Polo visited Qalhat in the 13th century, referring to it as Calatu. Ibn Battuta visited the city in the 14th century,^[1] noting that it had "fine bazaars and one of the most beautiful mosques." He further noted the mosque was built by Bibi Maryam and included walls of qashani. Bibi Maryam continued to rule Qalhat and Hurmuz after the death of her husband Ayaz in 1311 or 1312.^[2] Zheng He visited the city in the 15th century, and his crew called it 加剌哈 (Taihu Wu: ka-la-ha; Hokkien: ka-lat-ha; Cantonese: gaa-laat-haa).^[3]

Qalhat served as an important stop in the wider Indian Ocean trade network, and was also the second city of the Kingdom of Ormus. By 1507 when it was captured by Afonso de Albuquerque on behalf of the Portuguese Empire, the city was already in decline as trade shifted to Muscat.^[1] Covering more than 60 acres (240,000 m²), Qalhat was surrounded by fortified walls that contained houses and shops. Very little remains of the ancient city, save for the now dome-less mausoleum of Bibi Maryam. Artifacts from as far away as Persia and China were found on-site.^[1]

Recently, a research conducted by geoarchaeologists of the University of Bonn conclude that earthquake activity along the most prominent structural element, the Qalhat Fault, is a plausible reason for the decline of the medieval city.^[4]

World Heritage Site

This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on July 4, 1988 in the Cultural category.^[1] The ancient city became a World Heritage Site in 2018.^[5]

Qalhat LNG Terminal

The Oman LNG LLC S.A.O.C. owned Qalhat LNG Terminal is situated at the Port of Qalhat.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "The Ancient City of Galhat - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
^ Battutah, Ibn (2002). The Travels of Ibn Battutah. London: Picador. pp. 96–98, 308. ISBN 9780330418799.
^ 向, 達 (1961). 鄭和航海圖. 北京: 中華書局.
^ Ermertz, Alina Marie; Kázmér, Miklos; Adolphs, Silja Kerstin; Falkenroth, Michaela; Hoffmann, Gösta (2019-09-27). "Geoarchaeological Evidence for the Decline of the Medieval City of Qalhat, Oman". Open Quaternary. 5 (1): 8. doi:10.5334/oq.56. hdl:10831/67449. ISSN 2055-298X.
^ "Ancient City of Qalhat". UNESCO.
^ Gas Media Releases Archived February 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

v t e World Heritage Sites in Oman
Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman Ancient City of Qalhat Archaeological Sites of Bat, Al-Khutm and Al-Ayn Bahla Fort Land of Frankincense		Oman portal

Portuguese Empire

North Africa

15th century

1415–1640	Ceuta
1458–1550	Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir)
1471–1550	Arzila (Asilah)
1471–1662	Tangier
1485–1550	Mazagan (El Jadida)
1487–16th century	Ouadane
1488–1541	Safim (Safi)
1489	Graciosa

16th century

1505–1541	Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir)
1506–1525	Mogador (Essaouira)
1506–1525	Aguz (Souira Guedima)
1506–1769	Mazagan (El Jadida)
1513–1541	Azamor (Azemmour)
1515–1541	São João da Mamora (Mehdya)
1577–1589	Arzila (Asilah)

Sub-Saharan Africa

15th century

1455–1633	Arguim
1462–1975	Cape Verde
1470–1975	São Tomé¹
1471–1975	Príncipe¹
1474–1778	Annobón
1478–1778	Fernando Poo (Bioko)
1482–1637	Elmina (São Jorge da Mina)
1482–1642	Portuguese Gold Coast
1498–1540	Mascarene Islands

16th century

1500–1630	Malindi
1501–1975	Portuguese Mozambique
1502–1659	Saint Helena
1503–1698	Zanzibar
1505–1512	Quíloa (Kilwa)
1506–1511	Socotra
1508–1547²	Madagascar³
1557–1578	Accra
1575–1975	Portuguese Angola
1588–1974	Cacheu⁴
1593–1698	Mombassa (Mombasa)

17th century

1645–1888	Ziguinchor
1680–1961	São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin
1687–1974	Bissau⁴

18th century

1728–1729	Mombassa (Mombasa)
1753–1975	Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe

19th century

1879–1974	Portuguese Guinea
1885–1974	Portuguese Congo⁵

¹ Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753.
² Or 1600.
³ A factory (Anosy Region) and small temporary coastal bases.
⁴ Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879.
⁵ Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s.

Middle East [Persian Gulf]

16th century

1506–1615	Gamru (Bandar Abbas)
1507–1643	Sohar
1515–1622	Hormuz (Ormus)
1515–1648	Quriyat
1515–?	Qalhat
1515–1650	Muscat
1515?–?	Barka
1515–1633?	Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)
1521–1602	Bahrain (Muharraq • Manama)
1521–1529?	Qatif
1521?–1551?	Tarut Island
1550–1551	Qatif
1588–1648	Matrah

17th century

1620–?	Khor Fakkan
1621?–?	As Sib
1621–1622	Qeshm
1623–?	Khasab
1623–?	Libedia
1624–?	Kalba
1624–?	Madha
1624–1648	Dibba Al-Hisn
1624?–?	Bandar-e Kong

South Asia

15th century

1498–1545

Laccadive Islands
(Lakshadweep)

16th century
Portuguese India

• 1500–1663	Cochim (Kochi)
• 1501–1663	Cannanore (Kannur)
• 1502–1658 1659–1661	Quilon (Coulão / Kollam)
• 1502–1661	Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima)
• 1507–1657	Negapatam (Nagapatnam)
• 1510–1961	Goa
• 1512–1525 1750	Calicut (Kozhikode)
• 1518–1619	Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat)
• 1521–1740	Chaul

	(Portuguese India)
• 1523–1662	Mylapore
• 1528–1666	Chittagong (Porto Grande De Bengala)
• 1531–1571	Chaul
• 1531–1571	Chalé
• 1534–1601	Salsette Island
• 1534–1661	Bombay (Mumbai)
• 1535	Ponnani
• 1535–1739	Baçaím (Vasai-Virar)
• 1536–1662	Cranganore (Kodungallur)
• 1540–1612	Surat
• 1548–1658	Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)
• 1559–1961	Daman and Diu
• 1568–1659	Mangalore

	(Portuguese India)
• 1579–1632	Hugli
• 1598–1610	Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam)

1518–1521	Maldives
1518–1658	Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
1558–1573	Maldives

17th century
Portuguese India

• 1687–1749

Mylapore

18th century
Portuguese India

• 1779–1954

Dadra and Nagar Haveli

East Asia and Oceania

16th century

1511–1641	Portuguese Malacca [Malaysia]
1512–1621	Maluku [Indonesia]
• 1522–1575	Ternate
• 1576–1605	Ambon
• 1578–1650	Tidore
1512–1665	Makassar [Indonesia]
1515–1859	Larantuka [Indonesia]
1557–1999	Macau [China]
1580–1586	Nagasaki [Japan]

17th century

1642–1975

Portuguese Timor (East Timor)¹

19th century
Portuguese Macau

• 1864–1999	Coloane
• 1851–1999	Taipa
• 1890–1999	Ilha Verde

20th century
Portuguese Macau

• 1938–1941

Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin)

¹ 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.

North America and North Atlantic

15th century [Atlantic islands]

1420	Madeira
1432	Azores

16th century [Canada]

1500–1579?	Terra Nova (Newfoundland)
1500–1579?	Labrador
1516–1579?	Nova Scotia

South America and Caribbean

16th century

1500–1822	Brazil
• 1534–1549	Captaincy Colonies of Brazil
• 1549–1572	Brazil
• 1572–1578	Bahia
• 1572–1578	Rio de Janeiro
• 1578–1607	Brazil
• 1621–1815	Brazil
1536–1620	Barbados

17th century

1621–1751	Maranhão
1680–1777	Nova Colónia do Sacramento

18th century

1751–1772	Grão-Pará and Maranhão
1772–1775	Grão-Pará and Rio Negro
1772–1775	Maranhão and Piauí

19th century

1808–1822	Cisplatina (Uruguay)
1809–1817	Portuguese Guiana (Amapá)
1822	Upper Peru (Bolivia)

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