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Pyrgulopsis
	Apertural view of a shell of †Pyrgulopsis nevadensis.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Order:	Littorinimorpha
Family:	Hydrobiidae
Subfamily:	Nymphophilinae
Genus:	Pyrgulopsis; Call & Pilsbry, 1886
Diversity
	133 species

Pyrgulopsis is a genus of freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae.

Etymology

The name Pyrgulopsis is composed from Pyrgula, another genus of snail, and opsis = aspect of.^[1]

Description

Generic characters of the genus Pyrgulopsis are: the shell is minute, conically turreted, somewhat elongated, imperforate and unicarinate. The apex is acute. The aperture is ovate. The edge of the aperture, called the peritreme, is continuous.^[1] The operculum is ovate, thin, corneous and spiral, with polar point well forward and approximating the columella.^[1]

The jaw is thin and membranaceous.^[1] The radula is odontophore, with teeth are arranged in transverse rows, according to the formula 3 + 1 + 3. Formula for denticles of rhachidian: 4 + 1 + 4⁄1 + 1.^[1]

Distribution

The distribution of the genus Pyrgulopsis includes Western and South-western United States.^[1] Snails of species in the genus Pyrgulopsis occur in fresh water and in brackish water.^[1]

Species

Pyrgulopsis is the largest genus of freshwater gastropods in the North America. In 2014, 139 species were recognized in this genus.^[4]

Species in the genus Pyrgulopsis include:^[5]

Pyrgulopsis aardahli Hershler, 1989 - Benton Valley springsnail
Pyrgulopsis aloba Hershler, 1999 - Duckwater pyrg
Pyrgulopsis amargosae Hershler, 1989 - Amargosa springsnail
Pyrgulopsis anguina Hershler, 1989 - Longitudinal gland pyrg^[6]
Pyrgulopsis archimedis S. S. Berry, 1947 - archimedes pyrg
Pyrgulopsis arizonae (Taylor, 1987) - Apache springsnail
Pyrgulopsis avernalis (Pilsbry, 1935) - Moapa pebblesnail
Pyrgulopsis bacchus Hershler, 1988 - Grand Wash springsnail
Pyrgulopsis bedfordensis Hershler & Gustafson, 2001^[7]
Pyrgulopsis bernardina (Taylor, 1987) - San Bernardino springsnail
Pyrgulopsis blainica Hershler, Liu & Gustafson, 2008^[8]
Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis Hershler, 1990 - Bruneau hot springsnail
Pyrgulopsis bryantwalkeri Hershler, 1994 - Cortez Hills pebblesnail
Pyrgulopsis californiensis (Gregg & Taylor, 1965) - Laguna Mountain springsnail
Pyrgulopsis carinifera (Pilsbry, 1935)
Pyrgulopsis castaicensis Hershler & Liu, 2010^[2]
Pyrgulopsis chamberlini (Hershler, 1998) - smooth Glenwood pyrg^[9]
Pyrgulopsis chupaderae (Taylor, 1987) - Chupadera springsnail
Pyrgulopsis coloradensis Hershler, 1998 - Blue Point pyrg^[10]
Pyrgulopsis conica Hershler, 1988 - Kingman springsnail
Pyrgulopsis cruciglans Hershler, 1998 - Transverse grand pyrg
Pyrgulopsis crystalis Hershler & Sada, 1987 - Crystal springsnail
Pyrgulopsis davisi (Taylor, 1987) - Limpia Creek springsnail
Pyrgulopsis deaconi Hershler, 1998^[11] - Spring Mountains Pyrg
Pyrgulopsis deserta (Pilsbry, 1916) - desert springsnail
Pyrgulopsis diablensis Hershler, 1995 - Diablo Range pyrg
Pyrgulopsis eremica Hershler, 1995 - Smoke Creek pyrg
Pyrgulopsis erythropoma (Pilsbry, 1899) - Ash Meadows pebblesnail
Pyrgulopsis fairbanksensis Hershler & Sada, 1987 - Fairbanks springsnail
Pyrgulopsis fusca (Hershler, 1998) - Otter Creek pyrg^[12]
Pyrgulopsis gibba Hershler, 1995 - Surprise Valley pyrg
Pyrgulopsis gilae (Taylor, 1987) - Gila springsnail
Pyrgulopsis giuliani Hershler & Pratt, 1990 - southern Sierra Nevada springsnail
Pyrgulopsis glandulosa Hershler, 1988 - Verde Rim springsnail
Pyrgulopsis greggi Hershler, 1995 - Kern River pyrg
Pyrgulopsis hamlinensis Hershler, 1998 - Hamlin Valley pyrg^[13]
Pyrgulopsis hendersoni (Pilsbry, 1933) - Harney Lake springsnail
Pyrgulopsis idahoensis (Pilsbry, 1933) - Idaho springsnail
Pyrgulopsis ignota Hershler, Liu & Lang, 2010^[3]
Pyrgulopsis intermedia (Tryon, 1865) - Crooked Creek springsnail
Pyrgulopsis isolata Hershler & Sada, 1987 - elongate-gland springsnail
Pyrgulopsis kolobensis (Taylor, 1987) - Toquerville springsnail
Pyrgulopsis licina Hershler, Liu & Bradford, 2013^[14]
Pyrgulopsis longae Hershler, 1995 - Long Valley pyrg
Pyrgulopsis longinqua (Gould, 1855)
Pyrgulopsis marilynae (Hershler, Ratcliffe, Liu, Lang and Hay, 2014)^[4]
Pyrgulopsis merriami (Pilsbry & Beecher, 1892) - Pahranagat pebblesnail
Pyrgulopsis metcalfi (Taylor, 1987) - Naegele springsnail
Pyrgulopsis micrococcus (Pilsbry, 1893) - Oasis Valley springsnail
Pyrgulopsis milleri Hershler & Liu, 2010^[2]
Pyrgulopsis minkleyi (D. W. Taylor, 1966)
Pyrgulopsis montezumensis Hershler, 1988 - Montezuma Well springsnail
Pyrgulopsis morrisoni Hershler, 1988 - Page springsnail
Pyrgulopsis nanus Hershler & Sada, 1987 - distal-gland springsnail
Pyrgulopsis neomexicana (Pilsbry, 1916) - Socorro springsnail
Pyrgulopsis nevadensis (Stearns, 1883) - corded pyrg - type species
Pyrgulopsis nonaria (Hershler, 1998) - Ninemile pyrg^[15]
Pyrgulopsis owensensis Hershler, 1989 - Owens Valley springsnail
Pyrgulopsis pecosensis (Taylor, 1987) - Pecos springsnail
Pyrgulopsis perforata Hershler, Liu & Bradford, 2013^[14]
Pyrgulopsis perturbata Hershler, 1989 - Fish Slough springsnail
Pyrgulopsis pilsbryana (J. L. Baily & R. I. Baily, 1952) - Bear Lake springsnail
Pyrgulopsis pisteri Hershler & Sada, 1987 - Median-gland Nevada springsnail
Pyrgulopsis robusta (Walker, 1908) - Jackson Lake springsnail
Pyrgulopsis roswellensis (Taylor, 1987) - Roswell springsnail
Pyrgulopsis sanchezi Hershler, Liu & Bradford, 2013^[14]
Pyrgulopsis saxatilis (Hershler, 1998) - sub-globose snake pyrg^[16]
Pyrgulopsis similis (Hershler, Ratcliffe, Liu, Lang and Hay, 2014)^[4]
Pyrgulopsis simplex Hershler, 1988 - Fossil springsnail
Pyrgulopsis sola Hershler, 1988 - brown springsnail
Pyrgulopsis stearnsiana (Pilsbry, 1899) - Yaqui springsnail
Pyrgulopsis taylori Hershler, 1995 - San Luis Obispo pyrg
Pyrgulopsis texana (Pilsbry, 1935) - Phantom cave snail^[3]
Pyrgulopsis thermalis (Taylor, 1987) - New Mexico hot springsnail
Pyrgulopsis thompsoni Hershler, 1988 - Huachuca springsnail
Pyrgulopsis transversa (Hershler, 1998) - southern Bonneville pyrg^[17]
Pyrgulopsis trivialis (Taylor, 1987) - Three Forks springsnail
Pyrgulopsis turbatrix Hershler, 1998^[18] - Southeast Nevada Pyrg
Pyrgulopsis variegata () - Northwest Bonneville pyrg^[19]
Pyrgulopsis ventricosa Hershler, 1995 - Clear Lake pyrg
Pyrgulopsis wongi Hershler, 1989

Eastern North American species of Pyrgulopsis^[20] are considered to be in separate genus Marstonia according to the Thompson and Hershler (2002).^[21]

Pyrgulopsis agarhecta (F. G. Thompson, 1969) - Ocmulgee marstonia - Marstonia agarhecta F.G. Thompson, 1969
Pyrgulopsis arga - ghost marstonia - Marstonia arga F.G. Thompson, 1977
Pyrgulopsis castor (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - beaverpond marstonia - Marstonia castor F.G. Thompson, 1977
Pyrgulopsis halcyon (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - halcyon marstonia - Marstonia halcyon F.G. Thompson, 1977
Pyrgulopsis hershleri F. G. Thompson, 1995 - Coosa pyrg - Marstonia hershleri (F.G. Thompson, 1995)
Pyrgulopsis letsoni (Walker, 1901) - gravel pyrg - Marstonia letsoni (Walker, 1901)
Pyrgulopsis lustrica (Pilsbry, 1890) - boreal marstonia - Marstonia lustrica (Pilsbry, 1890)
Pyrgulopsis ogmoraphe (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - royal springsnail - Marstonia ogmorhaphe (F.G. Thompson, 1977)
Pyrgulopsis olivacea (Pilsbry, 1895) - olive marstonia - Marstonia olivacea (Pilsbry, 1895)
Pyrgulopsis ozarkensis Hinkley, 1915 - Ozark pyrg - Marstonia ozarkensis (Hinkley, 1915)
Pyrgulopsis pachyta (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - armored marstonia - Marstonia pachyta F.G. Thompson, 1977
Pyrgulopsis scalariformis (Wolf, 1869) - moss pyrg - Marstonia scalariformis (Wolf, 1869)

References

This article incorporates public domain text from the reference.^[1]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Call R. E. & Pilsbry H. A. (1886). "On Pyrgulopsis, a new genus of rissoid mollusk, with description of two new forms". Proceeding Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences V.: 9-14.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hershler R. Liu H.-P. (25 January 2010). "Two new, possibly threatened species of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from southwestern California". Zootaxa 2343: 1–17, 8 plates. preview
^ ^a ^b ^c Hershler, R.; Liu, H.-P.; Lang, B. K. (2010). "Transfer of Cochliopa texana to Pyrgulopsis (Hydrobiidae) and description of a third congener from the lower Pecos River basin". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 76 (3): 245–256. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyq002.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hershler, Robert; Ratcliffe, Victoria; Liu, Hsiu-Ping; Land, Brian; Hay, Claire (July 2014). "Taxonomic revision of the Pyrgulopsis gilae (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae) species complex, with descriptions of two new species from the Gila River basin, New Mexico". ZooKeys (429): 69–85. doi:10.3897/zookeys.429.7865. PMC 4137299. PMID 25147471.
^ Pyrgulopsis, Integrated Taxonomic Information System, accessed 24 July 2009.
^ "Pyrgulopsis anguina". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
^ Hershler, R.; Gustafson, D. L. (2001). "First record for springsnails (Mollusca: Hydrobiidae: Pyrgulopsis) from the northern Rocky Mountains". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 114: 297–308.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Hershler, Robert; Liu, Hsiu-Ping; Gustafson, Daniel L. (November 2008). "A second species of Pyrgulopsis (Hydrobiidae) from the Missouri River basin, with molecular evidence supporting faunal origin through Pliocene stream capture across the northern continental divide". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 74 (4): 403–413. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyn028. – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
^ "Pyrgulopsis chamberlini". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
^ Hershler (1998). "A systematic review of the hydrobiid snails (Gastropoda: Rissooidea) of the Great Basin, western United States. Part I. Genus Pyrgulopsis". The Veliger. 41. California Malacozoological Society, Inc.: 1–132. hdl:10088/7293.
^ "Spring Mountains Pyrg". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
^ "Pyrgulopsis fusca". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
^ "Pyrgulopsis hamlinensis". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hershler, Robert; Liu, Hsiu-Ping; Bradford, Corbin (9 September 2013). "Systematics of a widely distributed western North American springsnail, Pyrgulopsis micrococcus (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae), with descriptions of three new congeners". ZooKeys (330): 27–52. doi:10.3897/zookeys.330.5852. PMC 3800804. PMID 24146554. Retrieved June 21, 2017. – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
^ "Pyrgulopsis nonaria". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
^ "Pyrgulopsis saxatilis". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
^ "Pyrgulopsis transversa". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
^ "Southeast Nevada Pyrg". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
^ "Pyrgulopsis variegata". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
^ Hershler, R (1994). "A review of the North American freshwater snail genus Pyrgulopsis (Hydrobiidae)" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 554 (554): 1–115. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.554.
^ Marstonia http://www.natureserve.org accessed 25 July 2009. (See "Concept References" in each Marstonia species.)

External links

Data related to Pyrgulopsis at Wikispecies
Roden T. D. (last change 25 May 2001). AQUATIC SNAIL (possibly Pyrgulopsis).

[Call1886-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Call R. E. & Pilsbry H. A. (1886). "On Pyrgulopsis, a new genus of rissoid mollusk, with description of two new forms". Proceeding Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences V.: 9-14.

[Hershler_2010-2] Hershler R. Liu H.-P. (25 January 2010). "Two new, possibly threatened species of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from southwestern California". Zootaxa 2343: 1–17, 8 plates. preview

[Hershler_Liu_Lang_2010-3] Hershler, R.; Liu, H.-P.; Lang, B. K. (2010). "Transfer of Cochliopa texana to Pyrgulopsis (Hydrobiidae) and description of a third congener from the lower Pecos River basin". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 76 (3): 245–256. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyq002.

[Hersh2014-4] Hershler, Robert; Ratcliffe, Victoria; Liu, Hsiu-Ping; Land, Brian; Hay, Claire (July 2014). "Taxonomic revision of the Pyrgulopsis gilae (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae) species complex, with descriptions of two new species from the Gila River basin, New Mexico". ZooKeys (429): 69–85. doi:10.3897/zookeys.429.7865. PMC 4137299. PMID 25147471.

[5] Pyrgulopsis, Integrated Taxonomic Information System, accessed 24 July 2009.

[p-anguina-6] "Pyrgulopsis anguina". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2017.

[7] Hershler, R.; Gustafson, D. L. (2001). "First record for springsnails (Mollusca: Hydrobiidae: Pyrgulopsis) from the northern Rocky Mountains". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 114: 297–308.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[blainica-8] Hershler, Robert; Liu, Hsiu-Ping; Gustafson, Daniel L. (November 2008). "A second species of Pyrgulopsis (Hydrobiidae) from the Missouri River basin, with molecular evidence supporting faunal origin through Pliocene stream capture across the northern continental divide". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 74 (4): 403–413. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyn028. – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)

[p-chamberlini-9] "Pyrgulopsis chamberlini". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2017.

[10] Hershler (1998). "A systematic review of the hydrobiid snails (Gastropoda: Rissooidea) of the Great Basin, western United States. Part I. Genus Pyrgulopsis". The Veliger. 41. California Malacozoological Society, Inc.: 1–132. hdl:10088/7293.

[eol-11] "Spring Mountains Pyrg". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 27 June 2017.

[p-fusca-12] "Pyrgulopsis fusca". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2017.

[p-hamlinensis-13] "Pyrgulopsis hamlinensis". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2017.

[hershler_2013-14] Hershler, Robert; Liu, Hsiu-Ping; Bradford, Corbin (9 September 2013). "Systematics of a widely distributed western North American springsnail, Pyrgulopsis micrococcus (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae), with descriptions of three new congeners". ZooKeys (330): 27–52. doi:10.3897/zookeys.330.5852. PMC 3800804. PMID 24146554. Retrieved June 21, 2017. – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)

[p-nonaria-15] "Pyrgulopsis nonaria". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2017.

[p-saxatilis-16] "Pyrgulopsis saxatilis". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2017.

[p-transversa-17] "Pyrgulopsis transversa". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2017.

[eol2-18] "Southeast Nevada Pyrg". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 27 June 2017.

[p-variegata-19] "Pyrgulopsis variegata". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2017.

[20] Hershler, R (1994). "A review of the North American freshwater snail genus Pyrgulopsis (Hydrobiidae)" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 554 (554): 1–115. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.554.

[21] Marstonia http://www.natureserve.org accessed 25 July 2009. (See "Concept References" in each Marstonia species.)

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Pyrgulopsis

Etymology

Description

Distribution

Species

References

Further reading

External links

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