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Punishment Park
Punishment Park
	DVD cover
Directed by	Peter Watkins
Written by	Peter Watkins
Produced by	Susan Martin
Starring	Carmen Argenziano; Harold Beaulieu; Jim Bohan; Stan Armsted; Paul Alelyanes
Cinematography	Joan Churchill; Peter Smokler
Edited by	Terry Hodel; Peter Watkins
Music by	Paul Motian
Production; companies	Chartwell; Francoise
Distributed by	Project X Distribution
Release date	1 January 1971;
Running time	88 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$95,000

Punishment Park is a 1971 American pseudo-documentary drama film written and directed by Peter Watkins. The setting is of a British and West German film crew following National Guard soldiers and police as they pursue members of a counterculture group across a desert.

Plot

In 1970, the Vietnam War is escalating and President Richard Nixon has just decided on a secret bombing campaign in Cambodia. Faced with a growing anti-war movement, President Nixon decrees a state of emergency based on the McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950, which authorizes federal authorities to detain persons judged to be a "risk to internal security".

Members of the anti-war movement, Civil Rights Movement, and the feminist movement, as well as conscientious objectors and members of the Communist Party, mostly university students, are arrested and face an emergency tribunal made up of community members. With state and federal jails at capacity, the convicted face the option of spending their full sentence in federal prison or three days at Punishment Park. There, they will have to traverse 53 miles of the hot California desert in three days, without water or food, while being chased by National Guardsmen and law enforcement officers as part of their field training. If they succeed and reach the American flag at the end of the course, they will be set free. If they fail by getting "arrested", they will serve the remainder of their sentence in federal prison.

European filmmakers follow two groups of detainees as part of their documentary; while Group 637 starts their three-day ordeal and learn the rules of the "game", the civilian tribunal begins hearings on Group 638. The filmmakers conduct interviews with members of Group 637 and their chasers, documenting how both sides become increasingly hostile towards the other. Meanwhile, the film crew documents the trial of Group 638 as they argue their case in vain for resisting the war in Vietnam. The first group splinters into one group that refuses to accept the rules of the game and tries to resist with violence, and another group of pacifists that goes on towards the goal. The violent group are all killed. As the pacifists come near the flag they find a group of police waiting for them in ambush; it turns out that there is no way to win the Punishment Park course as the system controls it from start to finish.

Cast

Mark Keats ... Mr. Hoeger, President of the tribunal
Gladys Golden ... Mrs. Jergens
Sanford Golden ... Sen. Harris
Sigmund Rich ... Prof. Hazlett
George Gregory ... Mr. Keagan
Katherine Quittner ... Nancy Smith
Carmen Argenziano ... Jay Kaufman
Mary Ellen Kleinhall ... Allison Mitchner
Stanford Armstead ... Charles Robbins
Patrick Boland ... accused
Kent Foreman ... accused
Luke Johnson ... accused
Scott Turner ... accused
Norman Sinclair ... member of the tribunal
Paul Rosenstein ... member of the tribunal

Production

The film is an example of a uchronie, or alternate history, and of a psychodrama.^[1] It was shot in the observational documentary style using hand-held cameras. Watkins heightened realism by using amateur actors, improvisation, and newsreel camera techniques, but he also had rigid control over editing to guarantee audience involvement and the clear expression of his personal vision.

Initially Watkins had a carefully detailed script, but as in his other films, he decided to allow his cast to improvise based on their own instinctive reactions while following a rough outline of sequences drawn up by the director. In his previous films, Watkins had only used improvisation a small amount.^{[clarification needed]} Punishment Park was the first time Watkins gave his cast nearly complete control over the dialogue. On one occasion the participants identified with the situation so completely that the victims actually threw rocks at the pursuers, resulting in one opening fire in return. The panic of the film team, upon believing that the fallen actors had been shot for real, was genuine.

Although the film itself is fictional, many of the elements found within parallel social and political events of the time, such as the trial of the Chicago Seven,^[2] the Kent State shootings, police brutality, and political polarisation.

Technical notes

Punishment Park was shot in 16mm with a skeleton crew of eight people and only one camera. The set was extremely minimal, using only a tent enclosed within a larger tent for the interior scenes. The rest was shot on location at the El Mirage Dry Lake in California. It took only two and a half weeks to shoot. The "newsreel" quality of the film was enhanced by desaturating the color and removing the traditional hard edge of the image through the use of Harrison diffusion filters. The total production cost was only $95,000, including a transfer from 16mm to 35mm.^[3]

Reception

One of Watkins' intentions for the film was to provoke strong emotional and intellectual responses. Few people had impartial reactions to the film. As Watkins foresaw, this produced debates after the viewings of the film similar to the debates that take place in the film. There were many extremely negative reactions to the film, largely due to the unconventional form or because it was viewed as an indictment against the United States. Some even linked the film to communism, claiming that the film expresses a Communist philosophy. However, many more people were outraged that a British director would make a film about American political problems in a time of crisis. The film was heavily attacked when it was released at the 1971 New York Film Festival^[4] and Hollywood studios refused to distribute it.^[5]^[6]

In spite of the controversy at the time of its release, the film has received a positive critical reappraisal in the years since. In 2005, The Guardian wrote that "twenty-five years on, Peter Watkins's dystopian nightmare still grips, imagining hippies and radicals getting tortured for quasi-judicial sport by the National Guard".^[7] As of 2023, it holds a 92% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes.^[8]

References

^ Scott MacDonald (1993). Avant-garde film: motion studies. CUP Archive. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-521-38821-4. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
^ Wilbur, Brock (April 17, 2020). "Punishment Park was too good at predicting the future for a 1971 flick". The Pitch. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^ Original Punishment Park press kit from 1971, reprinted in the booklet of the 2012 British Blu-ray Disc.
^ New York Media, LLC (November 1, 1971). New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. p. 11. Retrieved August 25, 2010. No one voices an original thought in this offensive futuristic fantasy that depicts the US as a totally fascist state inhabited solely by bigoted pigs—Left and Right
^ Ron Burnett (1991). Explorations in film theory: selected essays from Ciné-tracts. Indiana University Press. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-253-31282-2. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
^ Barry Keith Grant; Jeannette Sloniowski (1998). Documenting the documentary: close readings of documentary film and video. Wayne State University Press. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-8143-2639-8. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
^ Punishment Park review | Film | The Guardian
^ Punishment Park - Rotten Tomatoes