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Pterichthyodes; Temporal range: Middle Devonian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Pterichthyodes milleri fossil on display at the University of Michigan Exhibit Museum of Natural History
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	†Placodermi
Order:	†Antiarchi
Family:	†Pterichthyodidae; Stensiö, 1948
Genus:	†Pterichthyodes; Bleeker, 1859
Type species
	†Pterichthyodes milleri;
	Areas where Pterichthyodes has been found
Synonyms
	†Pterichthys

Pterichthyodes is a genus of antiarch placoderm fishes from the Devonian period. Its fossils have been discovered in Scotland.^[1] They were one of the first species recognized for what they were, as their fossils are common in the Old Red Sandstone formation studied by geologists in the early 19th century. Due to their extreme divergence from modern-day fish, they were a puzzle unsolved until Charles Darwin brought forward his theories on evolution.^{[citation needed]}

Description

From Lethen, Nairnshire, Scotland.

Next to a 1953 plaster model.

As with all other antiarchs, Pterichthyodes had heavily armored heads and forebodies, while their scaly tails were unarmored. Specimen length ranges from 8 inches (20 cm) to 12 inches (30 cm).^[1] As placoderms, they were members of the earliest known vertebrates to possess jaws, though they had grinding plates rather than teeth. The generic name of Pterichthyodes refers directly to their odd wing-like appendages ("pterichthys" being a compound crassis word from Ancient Greek for "wing-fish"), which correspond to and were derived from the pectoral fins seen in modern fish and other non-antiarch placoderms. Fossils of Pterichtyodes showing eyes positioned on the direct of the head and a "ventrally flattened trunk shield" suggest that it was a "bottom dweller", living at the bottom of lakes, where it might have crawled using its pectoral appendages.^[1] It has also been theorized that Pterichthyodes and other antiarchs used these appendages to bury itself.^[2]

Pterichthyodes would have fed by browsing shallower areas of the lake bed for decaying detritus.^[2]

Artistic Reconstructions

1876

1902, with an outdated terrestrial depiction.

2009

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Palmer, Douglas; et al. (2009). Prehistoric Life: The Definitive Visual History of Life on Earth (first American ed.). New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-7566-5573-0.
^ ^a ^b Benton, Michael J. (2005). "Early Palaeozoic Fishes" (Google eBook). Vertebrate Palaeontology (third ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 58, 63. ISBN 0-632-05637-1.

[dk-1] Palmer, Douglas; et al. (2009). Prehistoric Life: The Definitive Visual History of Life on Earth (first American ed.). New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-7566-5573-0.

[vp-2] Benton, Michael J. (2005). "Early Palaeozoic Fishes" (Google eBook). Vertebrate Palaeontology (third ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 58, 63. ISBN 0-632-05637-1.

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