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Protoconodont; Temporal range: Cambrian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chaetognatha (?)
Order:	†Protoconodontida; Landing, 1995
Synonyms
	Amphigeisinacea Miller, 1981;

Protoconodonts are an extinct group of Cambrian animals known from fossilized phosphatic tooth-like structures. They were originally described as an informal group of early conodonts,^[1]^[2]^[3] though more recent studies consider them to be more closely related to chaetognaths (arrow worms).^[4]^[5]^[6]

Protoconodont elements are slender and pointed, with a hollow interior which opens towards the base of the structure. They develop entirely by the addition of layers to the inner cavity, extending the rim of the base. There is no additional mineralization on the outer surface, in contrast to paraconodonts or euconodonts (true conodonts).^[1]^[7] Protoconodont elements are frequently found bundled together into a 'superteeth', paired claw-like clusters which may have had a grasping function. These 'superteeth' were previously known by the name "Prooneotodus" tenuis,^[8] now classified as a species of Phakelodus.^[5] A few protoconodont genera were previously assigned to the class Conodonta and the order Paraconodontida, and the genus Amphigeisina was even given its own superfamily, Amphigeisinacea.^[2] Protoconodonts were assumed to have been forerunners to paraconodonts, and by extension euconodonts.^[1]^[3]

It is now thought that protoconodont elements (e.g., Protohertzina anabarica Missarzhevsky, 1973), are probably grasping jaw spines of stem group chaetognaths rather than the oropharyngeal (mouth or throat) elements of paraconodonts or true conodonts. The jaw spines of Sagitta maxima, a modern chaetognath, are practically identical to the fossils of Phakelodus tenuis in nearly every respect:^[4]^[5] shape, position, co-occurrence with smaller jaw spicules, and the presence of a sheath-like covering to protect the spines when not in use. This even extends to their three-layered internal microstructure, with a fibrous middle layer and a compatible array of trace elements. Although chaetognath jaws are fully organic (rather than phosphatic), this was likely true of protoconodonts as well, with mineralization only occurring after death due to diagenetic alteration.^[4]^[5] In light of their taxonomic distinction from paraconodonts and euconodonts, protoconodonts were given their own formal order in 1995: Protoconodontida.^[9]

List of genera

Amphigeisina (Bengtson, 1976)^[1]
Ganloudina He, 1983
Gapparodus Abaimova, 1978
Glauderia? Poulsen, 1967
Gumella Müller & Hinz, 1991
Hagionella Xie, 1990
Hertzina Müller, 1959
Huayuanodontus? (Dong, 1993)
Kijacus? Missarzhevsky and Mambetov, 1981
Mongolodus Missarzhevsky, 1977
Paibiconus? Dong, 1993
Phakelodus Miller, 1984^[10]
Protohertzina Missarzhevsky, 1973

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bengtson, Stefan (1976). "The structure of some Middle Cambrian conodonts, and the early evolution of conodont structure and function". Lethaia. 9 (2): 185–206. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1976.tb00966.x. ISSN 0024-1164.
^ ^a ^b Clark, David L. (1981). "Chapter 3: Systematic Descriptions". In Moore, Raymond C.; Robison, R.A. (eds.). Part W, Miscellanea, Supplement 2: Conodonta. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Boulder, Colorado; Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America; University of Kansas. pp. 111–180. ISBN 0-8137-3028-7.
^ ^a ^b Bengtson, Stefan (1983). "The early history of the Conodont" (PDF). Fossils and Strata. 15: 5–19.
^ ^a ^b ^c Szaniawski, Hubert (1982). "Chaetognath Grasping Spines Recognized among Cambrian Protoconodonts". Journal of Paleontology. 56 (3): 806–810. JSTOR 1304409.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Szaniawski, H. (2002). "New evidence for the protoconodont origin of chaetognaths" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 47 (3): 405–419.
^ Zooproblematica and mollusca from the Lower Cambrian Meishucun section (Yunnan, China) and taxonomy and systematics of the Cambrian small shelly fossils of China. P. Y. Parkhaev and Y. Demidenko, Paleontological Journal, 2010, volume 44, issue 8, pages 883-1161, doi:10.1134/s0031030110080010
^ Fåhraeus, Lars E. (1984). "A critical look at the Treatise family-group classification of Conodonta: an exercise in eclecticism". Lethaia. 17 (4): 293–305. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1984.tb00675.x. ISSN 0024-1164.
^ Landing, Ed (1977). ""Prooneotodus" tenuis (Müller, 1959) Apparatuses from the Taconic Allochthon, Eastern New York: Construction, Taphonomy and the Protoconodont "Supertooth" Model". Journal of Paleontology. 51 (6): 1072–1084. JSTOR 1303822.
^ Landing, Ed (1995). "Upper Placentian—Branchian series of mainland Nova Scotia (middle-upper Lower Cambrian): Faunas, paleoenvironments, and stratigraphic revision". Journal of Paleontology. 69 (3): 475–495. doi:10.1017/s0022336000034879. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1306322.
^ Miller, James F. (1984), "Cambrian and earliest Ordovician conodont evolution, biofacies, and provincialism", Geological Society of America Special Papers, vol. 196, Geological Society of America, pp. 43–68, doi:10.1130/spe196-p43, ISBN 978-0-8137-2196-5

Middle and Upper Cambrian Protoconodonts and Paraconodonts from Hunan, South China. Dong Xi-Ping and Stig M. Bergström, Palaeontology, September 2001, Volume 44, Issue 5, pages 949–985, doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00210
On the evolution and histology of some Cambrian protoconodonts, paraconodonts and primitive euconodonts. Dong Xiping, Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, July 2004, Volume 47, Issue 7, pages 577–584, doi:10.1360/03yd0535
Ion microprobe U–Pb dating and Sr isotope measurement of a protoconodont. Yuji Sano, Kosaku Toyoshima, Akizumi Ishida, Kotaro Shirai, Naoto Takahata, Tomohiko Sato and Tsuyoshi Komiya, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Volume 92, 1 October 2014, Pages 10–17, doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.05.024