Although recognized as having historical significance, before the mid-20th century presidential papers and effects were generally understood to be the private property of the president. Franklin D. Roosevelt (32nd president, 1933–1945) proposed to leave his papers to the public in a building donated by him on his Hyde Park, New York, estate. Since then, a series of laws established the public keeping of documents and the presidential library system. While not sanctioned and maintained by NARA, libraries have also been organized for several presidents who preceded Hoover and the official start of the Presidential Library Office.
The library sites are sometimes referred to as presidential centers. The Barack Obama Presidential Center (44th president, 2009–2017) is the most recent library, and operates under a new model. The Barack Obama Presidential Library is fully digitized, preserved, and administered by NARA with archival materials lent to the privately operated Presidential Center for display.[1]
Overview
NARA Presidential Libraries Passport
For every president since Herbert Hoover, presidential libraries have been established in each president's home state in which documents, artifacts, gifts of state and museum exhibits are maintained that relate to the former president's life and career both political and professional. Each library also provides an active series of public programs. When a president leaves office, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) establishes a presidential materials project to house and index the documents until a new presidential library is built and transferred to the federal government.
The National Archives and Records Administration uses a passport to promote visiting the Presidential libraries. When a person visits every library, NARA awards them a crystal paperweight.[2]
The Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace was not originally part of the presidential library system. While the Nixon Presidential Materials Staff, which administers the Nixon presidential materials under the terms of the Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act, is part of NARA, the private nonprofit Richard Nixon Foundation owned and operated the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace. In January 2004, Congress passed legislation that provided for the establishment of a federally operated Richard Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda, California. In March 2005, the Archivist of the United States and John Taylor, the director of the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace Foundation, exchanged letters on the requirements to allow the Nixon Library to become the twelfth federally funded presidential library operated by NARA by 2007, while the Nixon Foundation would continue to own the campus and operate the Nixon Library complex with NARA.[4] On October 16, 2006, Dr. Timothy Naftali began his tenure as the first federal director of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace, and in the winter of 2006 NARA began to transfer the 30,000 presidential gifts from the Nixon Presidential Materials Staff in College Park, Maryland, to the Yorba Linda facility.[5][6] On July 11, 2007, NARA began its operations at the Nixon Library site and the facility's name was changed to Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum.[7]
In May 2012, on the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Ulysses S. Grant Foundation, it selected Mississippi State University as the permanent location for Ulysses S. Grant's presidential library.[8] Historian John Simon edited Grant's letters into a 32-volume scholarly edition published by Southern Illinois University Press.[9]
On April 30, 2013, both chambers of the North Dakota Legislative Assembly passed a bill appropriating $12 million to Dickinson State University to award a grant to the Theodore Roosevelt Center for construction of a building to be named the Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library. To access these funds, the Theodore Roosevelt Center must first raise $3 million from non-state sources.[10] Dickinson State University is also home to the Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library which has formed partnerships with the Library of Congress and Harvard University, among other institutions. They currently have over 25,000 items online.
On April 12, 2016, Harding 2020, a collaboration between the Harding Home, Ohio History Connection, and Marion Technical College, detailed plans to spend $7.3 million to establish the Warren G. Harding Presidential Center. Plans include restoring the Harding Home, Warren G. Harding's historic home in Marion, Ohio, and its grounds to its 1920 appearance. A 15,000-square-foot presidential center and museum will also be built adjacent to the house. Harding's presidential papers will then be moved from its current location at the Ohio History Connection's headquarters in Columbus, Ohio, to the new center. The culmination of the work, scheduled to be completed by the spring of 2020, is to coincide with the 100th anniversary of Harding's election to the presidency.[11]
In May 2017, it was announced that the Barack Obama Presidential Center, the planned location of the presidential library of Barack Obama, would not be part of the NARA system, making Obama the first president since Calvin Coolidge not to have a federally funded facility.[12] Instead, in a "new model" the nonprofit Obama Foundation will partner with the NARA on digitization and making documents available.[13] The Chicago Park District began related construction in August and suspended it in September 2018. It was announced that the city of Chicago would own the center.[14][15]
History
Historically, all presidential papers were considered the personal property of the president. Some took them at the end of their terms, others destroyed them, and many papers were scattered.[16] Though many pre-Hoover collections now reside in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress,[17] others are split among other libraries, historical societies, and private collections. However, many materials have been lost or deliberately destroyed.
In 1939, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt donated his personal and presidential papers to the federal government. At the same time, Roosevelt pledged part of his estate at Hyde Park, New York, to the United States, and friends of the president formed a non-profit corporation to raise funds for the construction of the library and museum building. Roosevelt's decision stemmed from his belief that presidential papers were an important part of the national heritage and should be accessible to the public. He asked the National Archives to take custody of his papers and other historical materials and to administer his library.[16] On June 30, 2013, new interactive and multimedia exhibits developed by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) opened to the public as part of the first renovation of this library since its opening.[18]
In 1950, Harry S. Truman decided that he, too, would build a library to house his presidential papers and helped to galvanize congressional action.
Presidential Libraries Act of 1955
In 1955, Congress passed the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955,[19] establishing a system of privately erected and federally maintained libraries. The Act encouraged other presidents to donate their historical materials to the government and ensured the preservation of presidential papers and their availability to the people of the United States. Under this and subsequent acts, nine more libraries have been established. In each case, private and non-federal public sources provided the funds to build the library. Generally, once completed the private organization turned over the libraries to the National Archives and Records Administration to operate and maintain. The library and museum founded for Richard Nixon remained privately owned and managed for many years, but his heirs ultimately reached an agreement for it to become a NARA facility.
Until 1978, presidents, scholars, and legal professionals held the view dating back to George Washington that the records created by the president or his staff while in office remained the personal property of the president and were his to take with him when he left office. The first presidential libraries were built on this concept. NARA successfully persuaded presidents to donate their historical materials to the federal government for housing in a presidential library managed by NARA.
Deeds of Gift
Apart from the presidency of Richard Nixon, the handling of presidential records by NARA for the presidencies of Hoover through Carter (1929–1969, and 1973–1980) are governed by their deeds of gift, whereby the public took ownership of the records of each president.[20]
The Presidential Records Act of 1978 established that the presidential records that document the constitutional, statutory, and ceremonial duties of the president are the property of the United States Government. When the president leaves office, the Archivist of the United States assumes custody of the records. The Act allowed for the continuation of presidential libraries as the repository for presidential records.
Presidential Libraries Act of 1986
The Presidential Libraries Act of 1986[22] made additional changes to presidential libraries, requiring private endowments linked to the size of the facility. NARA uses these endowments to offset a portion of the maintenance costs for the library.
Presidential Historical Records Preservation Act of 2008
Effects of changes in the records laws and modern digital records
While the libraries for presidents Hoover to George W. Bush eventually conformed to a model whereby the former president funded or fundraised and built a facility for NARA to house the library, presidents are not required to do so under the law (Nixon's was not under NARA for many years). Nonetheless, according to NARA as of 2023, recent changes in these laws have increased significantly the amount of endowment the former president must raise, if they do decide to build a NARA owned facility. According to NARA, not only are the digital nature of modern records changing the needs, plans, and lessening space requirements of physical storage, but the significantly increased endowment requirement may lessen the likelihood that present and future presidents will continue to build NARA facilities.[23]
Holdings
The thirteen presidential libraries maintain over 400 million pages of textual materials; nearly ten million photographs; over 15 million feet (5,000 km) of motion picture film; nearly 100,000 hours of disc, audiotape, and videotape recordings; and approximately half a million museum objects. These varied holdings make each library a valuable source of information and a center for research on the Presidency.
The most important textual materials in each library are those created by the president and his staff in the course of performing the official duties. Libraries also house numerous objects including family heirlooms, items collected by the president and his family, campaign memorabilia, awards, and the many gifts given to the president by American citizens and foreign dignitaries. These gifts range in type from homemade items to valuable works of art. Curators in presidential libraries and in other museums throughout the country draw upon these collections for historical exhibits.
Other significant holdings include the personal papers and historical materials donated by individuals associated with the president. These individuals may include Cabinet officials, envoys to foreign governments, political party associates, and the president's family and personal friends. Several libraries have undertaken oral history programs that have produced tape-recorded memoirs. A third body of materials comprises the papers accumulated by the president prior to, and following, his presidency. Such collections include documents relating to Theodore Roosevelt's tenure as Governor of New York and Dwight D. Eisenhower's long military career.
Unlike all other presidents whose libraries are part of the NARA system, Ford's library and museum are geographically separate buildings, located in different parts of Michigan; Ford is buried at his museum in Grand Rapids, while the library is in Ann Arbor.
List of presidential libraries
This is a list of the presidential libraries.
Denotes libraries outside the NARA Presidential Library Office (all post-Hoover administrations have presidential library holdings administered by NARA, but one will have a physical facility that is outside NARA's ownership, and another remains to be decided).
Denotes library without presidential site.
Denotes library where plans are yet to be announced.
For many presidents, especially before the development of the NARA system, substantial collections may be found in multiple private and public collections.[33] Until the Obama Administration's library is ready for service, its papers are being held in a facility in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, and except for classified materials are available through FOIA since 2023.
^Clark, Anthony (January 8, 2017). "Obama Foundation Changes Presidential Libraries – Perhaps Forever". medium.com. Retrieved June 3, 2017. [I]t seems quite certain that the Obama Foundation anticipates keeping and operating both the foundation space as well as the museum on its own ...
Katedral OaxacaKatedral Bunda Maria Diangkat ke SurgaSpanyol: Catedral Metropolitana de Nuestra Señora de la Asuncióncode: es is deprecated Katedral OaxacaLokasiOaxacaNegaraMeksikoDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaArsitekturStatusKatedralStatus fungsionalAktifAdministrasiKeuskupan AgungKeuskupan Agung Antequera Katedral Oaxaca atau yang bernama resmi Katedral Bunda Maria Diangkat ke Surga (Spanyol: Catedral Metropolitana de Nuestra Señora de la Asuncióncode: es is deprecated ) adalah sebuah ge...
Bagian dari seri tentangEkonomi lingkungan Konsep Akuntansi hijau Ekonomi hijau Perdagangan hijau Perdagangan ramah lingkungan Pekerjaan hijau Perusahaan ramah lingkungan Environmentalisme fiskal Keuangan ramah lingkungan Energi terbarukan Kebijakan Green New Deal Pariwisata berkelanjutan Pajak lingkungan Pengukuran bersih Pajak Pigovian Reformasi harga lingkungan Tarif lingkungan Dinamika Komersialisasi energi terbarukan Biaya pemangkasan marjinal Paradoks hijau Politik hijau Hipotesis surga...
PT Asuransi CignaJenisJasa keuanganDidirikanJakarta, Indonesia (1990)Kantorpusat Jakarta, IndonesiaTokohkunciPhilip Michael Reynolds (Presiden Direktur)Situs webwww.cigna.co.id Asuransi Cigna atau yang lebih dikenal sebagai Cigna Indonesia adalah Perusahaan Asuransi Jiwa yang berdiri sejak tahun 1990 dan berkantor pusat di Jakarta.[1] Sepanjang berdiri, perusahaan sudah beberapa kali berganti nama. Pertama, Asuransi Niaga Life hingga tahun 1994, kemudian Asuransi Niaga Cigna Life hing...
John Hurrell Crook (27 November 1930 – 15 July 2011) was a British ethologist who filled a pivotal role in British primatology.[1] As Reader in Ethology (animal behaviour) in the Psychology Department of University of Bristol, he led a research group studying social and reproductive behaviour in birds and primates throughout the 1970s–80s, turning to the socio-psychological anthropology of Himalayan peoples in the 1990s.[2] In his later years he was the Teacher of the Wes...
This is a list of schools in the London Borough of Southwark, England. Scholars of Snowsfield School, Bermondsey, 1894 State-funded schools Primary schools Albion Primary School Alfred Salter Primary School Angel Oak Academy Ark Globe Academy The Belham Primary School Bellenden Primary School Bessemer Grange Primary School Boutcher CE Primary School Brunswick Park Primary School Camelot Primary School The Cathedral School of St Saviour and St Mary Overie Charles Dickens Primary School Charlo...
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Cadastral in New South Wales, AustraliaDenisonNew South WalesLocation in New South Wales Lands administrative divisions around Denison: Townsend Urana Urana Townsend Denison Hume Moira (Vic) Moira (Vic) Bogong (Vic) Denison County is one of the 141 Cadastral divisions of New South Wales. It contains the towns of Barooga and Berrigan. Denison County ...
Small furnace capable of 600°C and of applying a static load for testing building materials Building science is the science and technology-driven collection of knowledge in order to provide better indoor environmental quality (IEQ), energy-efficient built environments, and occupant comfort and satisfaction. Building physics, architectural science, and applied physics are terms used for the knowledge domain that overlaps with building science. In building science, the methods used in natural ...
Metro station in Barcelona, Spain This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Inside the station. Entrance to the station. Verneda is a Barcelona Metro station in the Verneda neighbourhood of Sant Adrià de Besòs, a suburb of Barcelona. It's served by L2. ...
Fabrizio Gifuni nel 2014 Fabrizio Gifuni (Roma, 16 luglio 1966) è un attore e regista teatrale italiano, vincitore del David di Donatello al miglior attore non protagonista per Il capitale umano (2014) e del David di Donatello al miglior attore protagonista per Esterno notte (2023)[1]. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Vita privata 3 Filmografia 3.1 Cinema 3.2 Televisione 4 Teatro 5 Doppiaggio 6 Audiolibri 7 Opere 8 Riconoscimenti 9 Onorificenze 10 Note 11 Bibliografia 12 Altri progetti 13 Colleg...
City of Udham Singh Nagar district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand City in Uttarakhand, IndiaKashipurCityMaharana Pratap Chowk, Main crossroad of KashipurKashipurLocation within India and UttarakhandShow map of UttarakhandKashipurKashipur (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 29°13′N 78°57′E / 29.22°N 78.95°E / 29.22; 78.95Country IndiaStateUttarakhandDistrictUdham Singh NagarFounded1639[1]Municipality1872Founded byKashinath Adhikari, an officer ...
College within Oregon State University Oregon State UniversityCollege of ScienceTypePublicEstablished1932Parent institutionOregon State UniversityDeanEleanor FeingoldLocationCorvallis, Oregon, USColorsOrange and black[1] Websitescience.oregonstate.edu An OSU biology student researches disease-fighting molecules known as morpholinos Oregon State University's College of Science is a public academic institution operating as a member of Oregon State University, ...
Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento film commedia non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Questa voce sull'argomento film commedia è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. La guerra degli AntòTitoli...
Northern Irish politician For other people named William Craig, see William Craig (disambiguation). William CraigLeader of the Vanguard Unionist Progressive PartyIn officeFebruary 1972 – February 1978Member of Parliamentfor Belfast EastIn office28 February 1974 – 7 April 1979Preceded byStanley McMasterSucceeded byPeter Robinson Personal detailsBorn(1924-12-02)2 December 1924Cookstown, Northern IrelandDied25 April 2011(2011-04-25) (aged 86)Bangor, Northern IrelandNat...
Ethnic group in China and Vietnam This article is about the Yao ethnic group in Asia. For the people of Africa, see Yao people (East Africa). For other people called Yao, see Yao (disambiguation). Mien redirects here. For other uses, see Mien (disambiguation). Ethnic group Yao people瑶族A Yao woman, Tiantouzhai, Longji Terraces, China, November 2010Total population3,500,000+Regions with significant populations China: 2,796,003 (2010) Vietnam: 891,151 (2019)[1]LanguagesMien...
American sitcom television series For other uses, see Off Centre (disambiguation). Off CentreGenreSitcomCreated byChris WeitzPaul WeitzDanny ZukerStarringEddie Kaye ThomasSean MaguireLauren StamileJohn ChoJason GeorgeOpening themeOff Centre Theme performed by Gordon GanoComposerBen VaughnCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes28ProductionExecutive producersWarren BellChris WeitzPaul WeitzDanny ZukerProducersFranco BarioTim KelleherAndrew MianoDawn ...
översiktskarta Le Maire-öarna Le Maire-öarna (ofta även kallad Schouten-öarna) är en ögrupp som tillhör Papua Nya Guinea i västra Stilla havet. Geografi Le Maire-öarna ligger utanför kusten i provinsen East Sepik på öns nordöstra del. Geografiskt ligger öarna i Melanesien. Ögruppen har en area om cirka 40 km² fördelad på de större öarna Vokeo, huvudön, cirka 16 km² Bam, cirka 5 km² Blup Blup, cirka 3,5 km² Kadovar, cirka 3 km² Koil, cirka 2&...
بيركنفلد شعار الإحداثيات 49°39′00″N 7°11′00″E / 49.65°N 7.1833333333333°E / 49.65; 7.1833333333333 [1] تقسيم إداري البلد ألمانيا[2][3] التقسيم الأعلى منطقة بيركنفلد عاصمة لـ منطقة بيركنفلد خصائص جغرافية المساحة 13.64 كيلومتر مربع (31 ديسمبر 2017)[4&...
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
