Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDong)

Presbyterian Church in Korea (Hapdong)
ClassificationProtestant
OrientationCalvinist
TheologyReformed Evangelical
PolityPresbyterian
RegionSouth Korea
Origin1959
South Korea
Separated fromPresbyterian Church in Korea (TongHap)
Branched fromPresbyterian Church of Korea
SeparationsPresbyterian Church in Korea (Koshin)
Congregations11,758
Members2,556,182[1]
Ministers24,855
Official websitegapck.org
Presbyterian Church in Korea
Hangul
대한예수교장로회(합동)
Hanja
大韓예수敎長老會(合同)
Revised RomanizationDaehan yesugyo jangnohoe (Hapdong)
McCune–ReischauerTaehan yesugyo changnohoe (Haptong)

The General Assembly of Presbyterian Church in Korea (GAPCK),[2] also known as Yejang Hapdong (Korean: 예장합동) or just Hapdong, is an Evangelical Presbyterian denomination, which is the biggest Christian church in South Korea. The headquarters of the church is in Seoul, South Korea.[3]

History

In 1959 at the 44th General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Korea the denomination divided for the third time (1951, 1953, and 1959) into two equal parts due to the church's view of the issue of ecumenism and the World Council of Churches. The church was divided for and against Park Hyun-nyon, president of the Presbyterian Seminary Society of the General Assembly. The anti-Park party is called 'Tonghap' (the united body) and the pro-Park party is called 'Hapdong' (the union body).[4]

The divisions from all three splits during the 50s still exist. The divisions from the third split between Tonghap and Hapdong respectively are still the largest Presbyterian dominations in South Korea.[4]

The Hapdong section represented more theologically conservative wing than the TongHap. The Tonghap group maintained its affiliation to the World Council of Churches and the National Council of Churches and allowed relatively wide range of theological positions.[5][6]

Hapdong was the more conservative group in the schism. Its conservative doctrinal basis made it possible to unite later with the Presbyterian Church in Korea (Koshin) in 1960. But this union did not last and a group of Koshin churches separated a few years later, although about 150 Koshin congregations stayed with HapDong. In 1961, another group separated to form the Bible Presbyterian Church, later to be called the Presbyterian Church in Korea (Daeshin).[3]

At the 64th General assembly in 1979 the church suffered another division. Kim Hee Bo the President of the ChongShin Seminary advocated for the historical-critical approach to the Pentateuch. The church divided into a mainline and non-mainline groups. The debate centered about two issues: the authorship of the Pentateuch and the relationship with the ChongShin Seminary. The non-mainline section fragmented in the following years.

In the 1990s the Hapdong branch experienced phenomenal growth. By the early 2000s, Hapdong developed into the largest denomination in South Korea with more than 2.2 million communicant members, 5,123 congregations, and 6,300 ordained pastors.[3][7] These figures differ from the statistics offered by Chongshin Seminary, which claims the church has 11,000 congregations and about 3 million members.[8]

In South Korea there are about 15 million Protestants, about 9 million are Presbyterians in more than 100 denominations.[9]

Doctrine

Hapdong is a theologically conservative denomination. The Hapdong group subscribe the historic Presbyterian Confessions, such as the Apostles' Creed, the Westminster Confession of Faith, the Westminster Larger Catechism, and the Westminster Shorter Catechism[7]

According to the Apostle Paul's instructions, there are no women ordinations. However, at the 2024 109th General Assembly, the preaching rights of female ministers were officially approved.[10]

The stance on homosexuality

Hapdong declare that homosexuality goes against God's creation order, calling it anti-biblical and unethical, and continue opposing the Supreme Court’s ruling on same-sex partner rights. They emphasize the importance of maintaining a biblical understanding of gender and marriage. Additionally, they strongly oppose the comprehensive anti-discrimination law, citing concerns over the violation of fundamental rights such as freedom of conscience and religion.[11]

Theological Education

The Chongshin University and Chongshin Seminary are the only official educational institutions of the Hapdong Church to train pastors.[8][12]

Missions

The General Assembly of Presbyterian Church in Korea created the Global Missions Society (GMS) in South Korea to support evangelism and missions. The Global Mission Society, the missionary body of the Hapdong General Assembly of Presbyterian Churches of Korea, is the single largest Presbyterian missionary organization in South Korea and the world with over 2,500 missionaries working in Europe, Asia, Russia, Latin America, Africa.[13][14][15]

Controversies

Light & Truth Church

Pastor Kim Myung-jin of Light and Truth Church, along with two leaders, affiliated with the Presbyterian Church in Korea (Hapdong), have been sentenced to prison for "coercion" and "aiding and abetting coercion" after being accused of abusive discipleship training, which included forcing members to eat feces and depriving them of sleep. The Presbyterian Church in Korea (Hapdong) is facing public backlash for remaining silent and failing to take action against these criminal acts.[16] Also, he found to receive salaries through newly added regulations while in custody[17]

References

  1. ^ "대한예수교장로회총회".
  2. ^ "교단소개". gapck.org.
  3. ^ a b c Melton, J.G.; Baumann, M. (2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. ABC-CLIO. p. 2297. ISBN 9781598842043. Retrieved 2015-06-25.
  4. ^ a b Kim, In Soo (2008). "Towards Peace and Reconciliation between South and North Korean Churches: Contextual Analysis of the Two Churches (Ch9)". Peace and Reconciliation : In Search of Shared Identity. Farnham: Ashgate Pub. p. 137. ISBN 9780754664611.
  5. ^ "The Presbyterian Church of Korea". pck.or.kr. Retrieved 2015-06-25.
  6. ^ Jeong, P. Y. (2007). Mission from a Position of Weakness. New York: Peter Lang. p. 125. ISBN 978-1433100963.
  7. ^ a b "Presbyterian Church of Korea (HapDong)". Reformed Online. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  8. ^ a b "History". Chongshin University. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  9. ^ Meehan, Chris (4 October 2010). "Touched by Devotion in South Korea". Christian Reformed Church. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  10. ^ "예장합동, 여성사역자 강도권 전격 허락" [The Presbyterian Church of Korea (HapDong) grants preaching rights to female ministers.]. Amen News (in Korean). 26 September 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  11. ^ Song, kyung Ho (26 September 2024). "동성애·저출산 성명 발표하고 파회… "거룩한 투쟁 계속"" [The assembly concluded after issuing a statement on homosexuality and low birth rates, vowing to continue the "holy struggle."]. Christian Today (in Korean). Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  12. ^ Chung, Ilung (3 May 2013). "Chongshin University: What We Believe". The Reformed News. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  13. ^ "History". Global Mission Society. Archived from the original on 2012-03-27. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  14. ^ "Global Mission Society". Korea Computer Mission.
  15. ^ "국내 최대 선교기구 GMS '드라이브스루 선거'". 6 September 2021.
  16. ^ Park, In Jae (30 August 2024). "대법원, '가학적 제자훈련' 빛과진리교회 김명진 목사와 리더 2명에 실형 확정" [Supreme Court Upholds Prison Sentences for Pastor Kim Myung-jin and Two Leaders of Light and Truth Church for Abusive Discipleship Training]. Amen News. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  17. ^ Park, In Jae (16 December 2024). "'제자훈련 가혹행위 수감' 빛과진리교회 김명진 목사, 휴직 기간 사례비 꼼수 수령 의혹" ["Pastor Kim Myung-jin of Light and Salt Church, Imprisoned for Discipleship Training Abuse, Suspected of Receiving Salaries During Leave Through Loopholes"]. Amen News (in Korean). Retrieved 17 December 2024.

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