Popoluca

"Popoloca" redirects here. For the language subfamily, see Popolocan languages. For the language cluster in the Popolocan subfamily, see Popoloca languages.

Popoluca is a Nahuatl term for various indigenous peoples of southeastern Veracruz and Oaxaca. Many of them (about 30,000[1]) speak languages of the Mixe–Zoque family. Others speak the unrelated Mazatecan languages, in which case the name in English and Spanish is generally spelled Popoloca.

Various peoples called Popoluca

The Mixe–Zoque languages called Popoluca are,

Among the Oto-Manguean languages, there are,

The Xincan languages have also historically been referred to as Popoluca.[2]

Origin and current use of the terms

The reason for the terms' widespread usage for naming indigenous languages is that they are derogatory words from the Nahuatl language, meaning "to speak unintelligibly" or "babble".[3] When the Spanish invaders asked their Nahuatl-speaking allies what language was spoken in a particular locality, the Nahuas would reply "popoloca" meaning in essence "not Nahuatl". The Nahuas used the term "popolōca" much in the same way the Greek used the term "barbaros", also meaning "gibberish", to refer to non-Greek speaking strangers.[4]

The name however stuck to many languages and has caused some confusion even among linguists working with Native American languages. This confusion prompted some kind of distinction between Popoluca languages and the spelling "Popoluca" with an "u" became used for certain Mixe–Zoque languages, while the spelling "Popoloca" with an "o" became used for certain languages of the Popolocan family of Oto-Manguean languages. Note that the name "Popolocan" is also used by linguists to refer to these languages, which include varieties of Mazatec.[3] In Nicaragua, the Nahua-speaking Nicarao used the term "Popoluca" for the speakers of the Matagalpa language.[5]

Although "Popoluca" and "Popoloca" are derogatory and confusing terms, they are still being used, even in academic literature and official publications of the Mexican government.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "The Popoluca." Archived 2010-06-04 at the Wayback Machine University of Minnesota, Mankota E-museum. (retrieved 1 Feb 2011)
  2. ^ Solano y Perez Lila, Francisco de. Areas lingüísticas y población de habla indígena de Guatemala en 1772. Spain, Departamento de Historia de América de la Universidad de Madrid, 1969.
  3. ^ a b "Summer Institute of Linguistics in Mexico: Confusion about the names "Popoloca" and "Popoluca"". Archived from the original on 2010-09-05. Retrieved 2011-04-22.
  4. ^ Popoloca Indian Language (Popoloco) – native-languages.org
  5. ^ D. Victor Jesus Noguera, Cura de Matagalpa: Vocabulario de la Lengua Popoluca de Matagalpa, 1855. In: Walter Lehmann, Die Sprachen Zentral-Amerikas. Königliche Museen zu Berlin, D. Reimer, 1920, p. 599.
  6. ^ "Flora medicinal popoloca de San Marcos Tlacoyalco y San Juan Atzingo, Puebla". MedicinaTradicionalMexicana.UNAM.mx (in Mexican Spanish). nd. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2022.

Read other articles:

История Абхазии

Эта статья или раздел нуждается в переработке.Пожалуйста, улучшите статью в соответствии с правилами написания статей. История Абхазии охватывает временные рамки от доисторических времен до наших дней. Археология Археологические находки свидетельствуют о пребывании �...

 

Patrang, Jember

PatrangKecamatanKantor Camat PatrangNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TimurKabupatenJemberPemerintahan • Camat-Populasi • Total102,405 jiwaKode Kemendagri35.09.20 Kode BPS3509730 Desa/kelurahan8 Patrang adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Jember, Provinsi Jawa Timur, Indonesia. Dulunya kecamatan ini bernama Kecamatan Jember, hingga tahun 1976 Kecamatan Jember dipecah menjadi 3 Kecamatan yaitu Kecamatan Patrang, Kecamatan Kaliwates dan Kecamatan Sumbersari. Kecamatan P...

 

يان والاس (كاتب للأطفال)

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع يان والاس (توضيح). هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2019) يان والاس (كاتب للأطفال) معلومات شخصية الميلاد سنة 1950 (العمر 73–74 سنة)  نيغارا فولز، أونتاريو  مواطنة كندا ...

Mawardi Yahya

Ir. H.Mawardi Yahya Wakil Gubernur Sumatera Selatan ke-4Masa jabatan1 Oktober 2018 – 1 Oktober 2023PresidenJoko WidodoGubernurHerman Deru PendahuluIshak MekkiPenggantiPetahanaBupati Ogan Ilir ke-1Masa jabatan22 Agustus 2005 – 23 Juni 2015WakilIskandar (2005–2010)Daud Hasyim (2010–2015) PendahuluIndra Rusdi (pelaksana tugas)PenggantiDaud Hasyim (pelaksana harian)Ahmad Wazir Noviadi Informasi pribadiLahir2 Maret 1958 (umur 66)Sukaraja Baru, Indralaya Selat...

 

Sri Maharaja Tarusbawa

Tarusbawaᮒᮛᮥᮞ᮪ᮘᮝTohaan di SundaRaja Sunda ke 1Berkuasa669 - 723PenerusSanjaya dari Mataram atau Sanjaya dari SundaInformasi pribadiKelahirantidak diketahuiSundapura, TarumanagaraNama takhtaSri Maharaja Tarusbawa Darmawaskita Manumanggalajaya Sundasembawa Sri Maharaja Tarusbawa yaitu Raja pertama di Kerajaan Sunda. Ia menjadi Raja di Kerajaan Sunda dari tahun 669 Masehi sampai 723 Masehi.[1] Biografi Peta Kerajaan Sunda. Pada tahun 669 M, Maharaja Linggawarman, Raja Tarum...

 

Robert Byrd

American politician (1917–2010) For other people named Robert Byrd, see Robert Byrd (disambiguation). Robert ByrdOfficial portrait, 2003United States Senatorfrom West VirginiaIn officeJanuary 3, 1959 – June 28, 2010Preceded byChapman RevercombSucceeded byCarte GoodwinPresident pro tempore of the United States SenateIn officeJanuary 3, 2007 – June 28, 2010Preceded byTed StevensSucceeded byDaniel InouyeIn officeJune 6, 2001 – January 3, 2003Preceded byStrom Th...

Dorothy Lake State Natural Area

Lake and State Natural Area in Wisconsin Dorothy Lake State Natural AreaDorothy LakeLocation of Dorothy Lake State Natural Area in WisconsinShow map of WisconsinDorothy Lake State Natural Area (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocationChippewa, Wisconsin, United StatesCoordinates45°13′26″N 91°18′8″W / 45.22389°N 91.30222°W / 45.22389; -91.30222Area95 acres (38 ha)Established2010 Dorothy Lake State Natural Area is a Wisconsin Department of...

 

Società Sportiva Chieti Calcio 2012-2013

Questa voce sull'argomento stagioni delle società calcistiche italiane è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Voce principale: Società Sportiva Chieti Calcio. Società Sportiva Chieti CalcioStagione 2012-2013Sport calcio Squadra Chieti Allenatore Tiziano De Patre Presidente Walter Bellia Seconda Divisione4º nel girone B. Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Bigoni, De Sousa (33) Miglior marcat...

 

The Night (Beckmann)

Painting by Max Beckmann The Night (Die Nacht)ArtistMax BeckmannYear1918–1919MediumOil on canvasDimensions133 cm × 153 cm (52+3⁄8 in × 60+1⁄4 in)LocationKunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf The Night is an oil-on-canvas painting by German artist Max Beckmann, created between 1918 and 1919. It is an icon of the post-World War I movement Neue Sachlichkeit, or New Objectivity. It is located at the Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfal...

Sailor Moon Crystal

2014 Japanese anime series Sailor Moon Crystal美少女戦士セーラームーンCrystal（クリスタル）(Bishōjo Senshi Sērā Mūn Kurisutaru)GenreMagical girlCreated byNaoko Takeuchi Original net animationSeason I: Dark KingdomDirected byMunehisa SakaiProduced by Junichirō Tsuchiya Yū Kaminoki Written byYūji KobayashiMusic byYasuharu TakanashiStudioToei AnimationLicensed byAUS: Crunchyroll[a]NA: Viz MediaOriginal networkNiconico (webcast)Tokyo...

 

Padma Sundar Malla

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Padma Sundar Malla pada 1950an Padma Sundar Malla (1890–1974) (bahasa Nepali: पद्मसुन्दर मल्ल) adalah insinyur kelistrikan pertama di Nepal dan tokoh Nepal pertama yang mengunjungi Amerika Serikat. Ia mempelopori gener...

 

Submarine-launched ballistic missile

Self-propelled gravity-assisted guided weapon flying from an independent underwater craft A UGM-96 Trident I clears the water after launch from a US Navy submarine in 1984. A submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) is a ballistic missile capable of being launched from submarines. Modern variants usually deliver multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), each of which carries a nuclear warhead and allows a single launched missile to strike several targets. Submarine-launch...

Inazuma Eleven GO (video game)

Video game for the Nintendo 3DS 2011 video gameInazuma Eleven GOEuropean cover art for the Light versionDeveloper(s)Level-5Publisher(s)JP: Level-5PAL: NintendoComposer(s)Shiho TeradaSeriesInazuma ElevenPlatform(s)Nintendo 3DSReleaseJP: December 15, 2011EU: June 13, 2014AU: July 18, 2015Genre(s)Role-playing, sportsMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Inazuma Eleven GO (イナズマイレブン GO, Inazuma Irebun GO) is a role-playing video game and sports video game for the Nintendo 3DS developed...

 

MHC class II

Protein of the immune system MHC Class IISchematic representation of MHC class IIIdentifiersSymbolMHC Class IIMembranome63 MHC Class II molecules are a class of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules normally found only on professional antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, some endothelial cells, thymic epithelial cells, and B cells. These cells are important in initiating immune responses. The antigens presented by class II peptides are derived from extrace...

 

Evangelos Averoff

Greek politician and author Evangelos AveroffΕυάγγελος ΑβέρωφEvangelos Averoff in 1959Minister of National DefenceIn office24 July 1974 – 21 October 1981PresidentPhaedon GizikisMichail StasinopoulosKonstantinos TsatsosKonstantinos KaramanlisPrime MinisterKonstantinos KaramanlisGeorgios RallisSucceeded byAndreas PapandreouMinister for Foreign AffairsIn office28 May 1956 – 20 September 1961MonarchPaulPrime MinisterKonstantinos KaramanlisIn office4 November 1...

Westfield Topanga

Shopping mallWestfield TopangaCoordinates34°11′25″N 118°36′13″W / 34.19028°N 118.60361°W / 34.19028; -118.60361Address6600 Topanga Canyon Boulevard, Canoga Park, California, United StatesOpening dateFebruary 10, 1964; 60 years ago (February 10, 1964)Previous names Topanga Plaza (1964–1999) Westfield Shoppingtown Topanga (1999–2005) Westfield Topanga & The Village (2015–2022) DeveloperMay CentersManagementUnibail-Rodamco-W...

 

Bribir, Šibenik-Knin County

Village in Šibenik-Knin County, CroatiaBribirVillageArchaeological ruins of old Bribir above villageBribirLocation in CroatiaCoordinates: 43°55′N 15°50′E / 43.917°N 15.833°E / 43.917; 15.833Country CroatiaCountyŠibenik-Knin CountyMunicipalitySkradinArea[1] • Total16.0 km2 (6.2 sq mi)Elevation229 m (751 ft)Population (2021)[2] • Total89 • Density5.6/km2 (14/sq mi)Time z...

 

1806 год в театре

1806 год в театре 1806 год в театре 1804 · 1805 · 1806 · 1807 · 1808 См. также: Другие события в 1806 годуСобытия в музыке и События в кино Фронтиспис поэмы Жозефа Бершу[фр.] «Танец, или Боги Оперы» Содержание 1 События 2 Деятели театра 2.1 Родились 2.2 Скончались 3 Примечания 4 Ссылки С�...

新型コロナウイルス感染症 (2019年)

この項目では、ウイルス感染症について説明しています。原因となるウイルスについては「SARSコロナウイルス2」を、世界的な流行については「新型コロナウイルス感染症の世界的流行 (2019年-)」をご覧ください。 この記事は検証可能性のために医学に関する信頼できる情報源を必要としている、あるいは過度に一次資料に基づいています。 可能なら内容を見直し適切�...

 

Emicho I, Count of Nassau-Hadamar

Emicho I, Count of Nassau-HadamarDied(1334-06-07)7 June 1334Noble familyHouse of NassauSpouse(s)Anna of NurembergFatherOtto I of NassauMotherAgnes of Leiningen Emicho I, Count of Nassau-Hadamar (also known as Emich, first mentioned in 1289, died on 7 June 1334), was the second son of Count Otto I of Nassau and his wife Agnes (d. 1303), the daughter of Count Emich IV of Leiningen-Landeck. Emicho was the founder of the elder line of Nassau-Hadamar. He was a cousin of King Adolf of Germany. He a...