Pontic Mountains

Pontic Mountains
Sumela Monastery on the Pontic Mountains
Highest point
PeakMt. Kaçkar
Elevation3,937 m (12,917 ft)
Coordinates40°50′N 41°09′E / 40.833°N 41.150°E / 40.833; 41.150
Dimensions
Length1,000 km (620 mi)
Geography
Map
CountriesTurkey and Georgia
Range coordinates40°30′N 40°30′E / 40.500°N 40.500°E / 40.500; 40.500

The Pontic Mountains or Pontic Alps (Turkish: Kuzey Anadolu Dağları, meaning 'North Anatolian Mountains'), form a mountain range in northern Anatolia, Turkey. They are also known as the "Parhar Mountains" in the local Turkish and Pontic Greek languages. The term Parhar originates from a Hittite word meaning 'high' or 'summit'.[1] In ancient Greek, the mountains were called the Paryadres[2] or Parihedri Mountains.[3]

Etymology

The name of the mountains is derived from the Greek word Pontus (Πόντος [Póntos]), which means 'sea'. The Pontic Mountains, or "Pontus Mountains" (Πόντος Όρη [Póntos Óri]) in Greek, stretch along the southern coast of the Black Sea, known in antiquity as the "Euxine Sea" or simply Pontus Euxinus (Πόντος Εὔξεινος [Póntos Éfxeinos]).

Geography

A panorama of the Pontic Mountains in Turkey

The range runs roughly east–west, parallel and close to the southern coast of the Black Sea. It extends northeast into Georgia, and west into the Sea of Marmara, with the northwestern spur of the Küre Mountains (and their western extension the Akçakoca Mountains) and the Bolu Mountains, following the coast. The highest peak in the range is Kaçkar Dağı, which rises to 3,937 m (12,917 ft). The North Anatolian Fault and the Northeast Anatolian Fault, which are east–west-running strike-slip faults, run along the length of the range.

Ecology

Zilkale Castle

The mountains are generally covered by dense forests, predominantly of conifers.

The Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests is an ecoregion which covers most of the range, while the Caucasus mixed forests extend across the far-eastern end of the range, known as the Kaçkar Mountains. The narrow coastal strip between the mountains and the Black Sea, known as Pontus, is home to the Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests, which contain some of the world's few temperate rainforests.

The region is home to Eurasian wildlife such as the Eurasian sparrowhawk, golden eagle, eastern imperial eagle, lesser spotted eagle, Caucasian black grouse, red-fronted serin, and wallcreeper.[4]

Winter conditions are very harsh, and snow even in summer months isn't unusual above certain elevations.[5]

The Anatolian Plateau, which lies south of the range, has a considerably drier and more continental climate than the humid and mild coast, owing to the mountains' rain shadow effect.[6]

References

  1. ^ Karadeniz Ansiklopedik Sözlük Archived 2008-05-13 at the Wayback Machine. See the "Parhar" (plateau) and "Parhal" (village) articles.
  2. ^ Strabo. "Chapter XI". Geographica (35 BC – 23 AD). p. xii.4.
  3. ^ Pliny the Elder. "Chapter VI". Naturalis Historia (77–79 AD). p. iix.25.
  4. ^ Couzens, Dominic (2008). Top 100 Birding Sites of the World. University of California Press. pp. 73–75. ISBN 978-0-520-25932-4.
  5. ^ "File:Koppen-Geiger Map TUR present.svg". commons.wikimedia.org. 6 November 2018. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  6. ^ Pontic Mountains and highlands Archived 2014-02-26 at the Wayback Machine


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