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Pierre Jurieu
Pierre Jurieu
Born	24 December 1637
Died	11 January 1713 (aged 75)

Pierre Jurieu (24 December 1637 – 11 January 1713) was a French Protestant leader.

Life

He was born at Mer, in Orléanais, where his father was a Protestant pastor. He studied at the Academy of Saumur and the Academy of Sedan under his grandfather, Pierre Du Moulin, and under Leblanc de Beaulieu. After completing his studies in the Netherlands and England, Jurieu was ordained as an Anglican priest; returning to France he was ordained again and succeeded his father as pastor of the church at Mer. Soon after this he published his first work, Examen de livre de la reunion du Christianisme (1671). In 1674 his Traité de la dévotion led to his appointment as professor of theology and Hebrew at Sedan, where he soon became pastor.^[1]

A year later he published his Apologie pour la morale des Reformés. His reputation was damaged by his argumentative nature, which sometimes descended into fanaticism, despite his sincerity.^{[citation needed]} He was called by his adversaries "the Goliath of the Protestants." On the suppression of the academy of Sedan in 1681, Jurieu received an invitation to a church at Rouen, but, afraid to remain in France on account of his forthcoming work, La Politique du clergé de France, he went to Holland and was pastor of the Walloon church of Rotterdam until his death. He was also professor at the "école illustre".^[1]

From the 1690s, Jurieu was the founder and one of the main organizers of a spy network in France. Based in Rotterdam, the organization had agents in all the major French ports. From the beginning, Etienne Caillaud wrote and decrypted messages for Jurieu. The work was funded by a number of Huguenots, but also by William III and Anthonie Heinsius.^[2]

Works

Jurieu did much to help those who suffered by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685). He turned for consolation to the Apocalypse, and succeeded in persuading himself (Accomplissement des propheties, 1686) that the overthrow of the Antichrist (i.e. the Pope) would take place in 1689. HM Baird wrote that "this persuasion, however fanciful the grounds on which it was based, exercised no small influence in forwarding the success of the designs of William of Orange in the invasion of England". Jurieu defended the doctrines of Protestantism against the attacks of Antoine Arnauld, Pierre Nicole and Jacques-Benigne Bossuet but was equally ready to enter into dispute with his fellow Protestants (with Louis Du Moulin and Claude Payon, for instance) when their opinions differed from his own even on minor matters. The bitterness and persistency of his attacks on his colleague Pierre Bayle led to the latter being deprived of his chair in 1693.^[1]

One of Jurieu's chief works is Lettres pastorales adressées aux fidéles de France (3 vols., Rotterdam, 1686-1687; Eng. trans., 1689), which, notwithstanding the vigilance of the police, found its way into France and produced a deep impression on the Protestant population.^[1] In these Pastoral Letters, Jurieu supports before Jean-Jacques Rousseau the thesis of an explicit or implicit contract between the sovereign and his subjects; this idea will be opposed by Bossuet in the fifth of his Avertissements aux Protestants (1689–1691).^[3]

Jurieu's last important work was the Histoire critique des dogmes et des cultes (1704). He wrote a great number of controversial works.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Chisholm 1911.
^ Matthias Pohlig, Marlbroroughs Geheimnis: Strukturen und Funktionen der Informationsgewinnung im Spanischen Erbfolgekrieg (Kõln: Bőhlau Verlag, 2016), pp. 253-258, 260, 263, 270-71; See also, Mattias Pohlig, "Staatlicher Geheimdienst oder Private Spionagefirma? Pierre Jurieu, Etienne Caillaud und die englische Regierung um 1700," Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung, vol. 43, No. 2 (2016), pp. 255-292
^ "The influence [on Jean-Jacques Rousseau] of Jurieu, who in his XVIth, XVIIth and XVIIIth Pastoral Letters (1689) exposed a doctrine of the social contract and popular sovereignty that Bossuet fought in the 5th Warning to Protestants, was pointed out by Proudhon, Idée générale de la révolution au XIX^e siècle (General idea of the revolution in the XIXth century), p. 115; — by J. Denis, Bayle et Jurieu (Caen, 1886): "the political doctrine of Pastoral Letters already contained the entire Social Contract of J.-J. Rousseau", p. 56; — by M. Faguet, op. cit. [= Ém. Faguet, La politique comparée de Montesquieu, Rousseau et Voltaire, 1902], p. 73; etc" (Georges Beaulavon, introduction to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Du Contrat social, Paris, 1903, p. 64, n. 3; online.)